Combo with Spodek Chapters 1-4 Terms and 4 others Flashcards

Study guide of terms for a Midterm of Chapters 1-5. Thank you everyone who made these flashcards, you're my saviors.

517731515	City-State	Self-governing city surrounded by its territory.
517731516	Archaeology	The study of cultures through their material remains.
517731517	Neolithic Age	The New Stone Age which went from about 8000 B.C to 3000 B.C. People who lived during this learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals.
517731518	Bronze Age	Era when cities began to form (instead of small villages). Tools were being made of metal.
517731519	monotheism	belief in a single God
517731520	polytheism	belief in many gods
517731521	Tigris and Euphrates River	Rivers in Mesopotamia; earilest known cities appeared from this river, in modern-day Iraq.
517731522	Mesopotamia	First civilization located between theTigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; Sumerian culture.
517731523	Sumer	World's 1st civilization, Mesopotamia 3,000 years. Sumerians invented irrigation, cuneiform, and religious concepts.
517731524	The Fertile Crescent	"Land between the rivers" where agricultural villages were formed & Mesopotamia was located
517731525	Gift of the Nile	The Tigris and Euphrates which provide water, irrigation and fertilizer for the dry desert
517731526	Sargon of Akkad	Leader of the Akkadians, overran the sumerian city-states and set up the first empire-united city states
517731527	cuneiform	Sumerian writing that represented whole words with 1 symbol
517731528	Ziggurats	rectangular tiered temple constructed by ancient Mesopotamians.
517731529	Amenhotep	Pharoah of Egypt who adopted a new monotheistic religion
517731530	Amon-re	The most popular and influential religious figure/god through out Egyptians history
517731531	Andes Mountains	Home to the early Incan Civilization
517731532	Aryans	Nomadic people who spread to Ganges Valley & became successors of the Harappan civilization of India.
517731533	Citadels	A strong building to protect from attacks.
517731534	Ideogram	A character in a writing system that represents the idea of a thing rather than its name.
517731535	Mohenjo-daro	One of the largest cities of the indus valley civilization of ancient India
517731536	Nomes	The administrative units of upper Egypt
517731537	Osiris and Horus	Two of the most important gods in Eqyptian Civilizations.
517731538	The Book of the Dead	A compilation of many ancient Egyptian texts about the security of eternal happiness after death.
517731539	The Epic of Gilgamesh	A series of tales about the hero Gilgamesh.
517731540	Hammurabi	Babylonian ruler (1750 BCE) Wrote the first laws (The Code of Hammurabi) on stone which connected Sumer and Akkad
517731541	Code of Hammurabi	The collection of laws organized by Hammurabi for the people of Babylon to follow. Earliest set of laws.
517731542	Epic of Gilgamesh	A series of Sumerian tales that show Sumerian values and beliefs
517731543	pictograms	A writing system where a symbol represents an object or concept.
517731544	Harappa	One of the largest urban settlements in the Indus Valley.
517731545	Nile River	River in Egypt that provided nutrient rich land to support civilization.
517731546	Yellow River (Huang He)	River in China.
517731547	Niger River	River flowing from western Africa into the Gulf of Guinea. First urbanized by the nomadic Bantu people
517731548	Hieroglyphs	Egypt's writing system
517731549	New Kingdom of Egypt	Egypt 1550 to 1050 BCE Irrigation improved and kings became known as Pharaohs
517731550	Middle Kingdom of Egypt	Egypt 2040-1640 BCE Trade, art and literature flourished, better state organization, ended when the Hyskos invaded
517731551	Old Kingdom of Egypt	Egypt 2700 to 2200 BCE Big architecture projects. Nomarchs, famine and death. fell due to political disintegration
517731552	ma'at	Justice and order. The Pharaoh's duty in Egypt
517731553	Pharaoh	Ruler of Egyptian people. Thought of as a God.
517731554	King Akhenaten	Started monotheism with Aten, the Sun God. Was a Pharoah. Built a new capital-Ahkenaten. People destroyed it after his death and went back to old ways
517731555	Rosetta Stone	Language stone that helped decipher Egyptian writing. Three kinds of writing-hieroglyphics, demotic and Greek
517731556	Menes/Narmer	Unified Upper and lower Egypt into a single kingdom
517731557	Indus River Valley	The earliest Indian civilization(2500 BCE) Little known of political, social, religious and economic state. Strong government, irrigation system, and developed cities.
517731558	Mesoamerica	Latin America. Not a major river body, instead lakes and small rivers.
517731559	Olmec Culture	Mesoamerica. 1,500 BCE Strong religion, art, hieroglyphs not yet deciphered. Before Maya and Aztec
517731560	Zapotec Culture	Meso- america in Oaxaca valley. 1,150 BCE Temples, pyramids and tombs. 50,000 people.
517731561	Teotichuacan	Mesoamerica. 200 BCE-700 CE Beginning of urbanization, 100.000 people, job specialization, religious rituals.
517731562	Maya	Mesoamerica. 300-600 CE developed cities, monumental architecture and numerous amounts of sacrifice
517731563	Tikal	Large/elaborate Mayan city with 5 temple pyramids. Religious, political and economic hub.
517731564	Jenne-jeno	1st indigenous city in sub saharan Africa. People lived in neighboring independent clusters not a single urban center
517731565	Bantu	Iron smelting, were nomadic and traveled across Africa. Covered most of South Africa.
517731566	Warring states period	High levels of social class divisions. The first cities that were religious centers with kings with govt. army & religious control.
517731567	Xia Dynasty	1st. 1st Dynasty in China (bronze age). Clans, shaman, flood control with large work gangs, bronze weapons, art with carved jade and ceramics.
517731568	Shang Dynasty	2nd. 1st cities in China. Ruler in the capital city, blood relatives ruled, oracle bones, 40,000 sq mi.s Conflict on the borders.
517731569	Zhou Dynasty	3rd. 1st written records and improved religion and administration in China. Literary book of poetry, cavalry.
517731570	Mandate of Heaven	Justifies the kings power as long as he remains good to the people .
517731571	Oracle Bones	The earliest writing in China often on turtle shells. Used by Shang dynasty priests to predict the future of their dynasty.
517731572	Amenhotep	Pharoah of Egypt who adopted a new monotheistic religion
517731573	Amon-re	The most popular and influential religious figure/god through out Egyptians history
517731574	Archaeology	The study of cultures through their material remains.
517731575	Aryans	A group of nomadic and pastoral people who spread to south Asia. They reached the Ganges Valley in 1000 BCE and became the successors of the Harappan civilization of India.
517731576	Bantu	Early language of Africa
517731577	Citadels	A strong building to protect form attacks.
517731578	Cosmo-magical City	A city deemed to be sacred or has a mythological association. Uruck of Mesopotamia is said to have been ruled by the great her/king Gilgamesh.
517731579	Cuneiform	The first written language characterized by its slim, triangular elements.
517731580	Fertile Crescent	Geographical area of fertile land stretching from the Nile to the Tigris/Euphrates
517731581	Giza	Home of the most famous pyramids and tombs including the Sphinx which looks like a lion but is said to depict King Kafre. Located near the modern city of Ciaro.
517731582	Hammurabi	King who connected Sumer and Akkad into one large superpower under the Code of Hammurabi.
517731583	Harappa	One of the largest urban settlements in the Indus Valley.
517731584	Hieroglyphs	A system of writing derived from pictograms and ideograms which is responsible for giving archaeologists insight to the culture of the Egyptians.
517731585	Historiography	The study of history and the writing of history.
517731586	Ideogram	A character in a writing system that represents the idea of a thing rather than its name.
517731587	Indus River	One of the 7 first sites of primary urbanization located in West India.
517731588	Jenne Jeno	The first well known indigenous city in sub saharan Africa where inhabitants lived in neighboring independent clusters rather than a single urban center
517731589	Jericho	An ancient city of Palestine, north of the dead sea
517731590	Longshan Culture	A more sophisticated modern improvement of the neolithic culture
517731591	Maya	A meso-American civilization characterized by its developed cities, monumental architecture and numerous amounts of sacrifice
517731592	Mesopotamia	A civilization located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The oldest of seven locations that innovated primary urbanization
517731593	Mohenjo-daro	One of the largest cities of the indus valley civilization of ancient India
517731594	Niger River	First urbanized by the nomadic Bantu people
517731595	Nile River	Provided natural irrigation and fertile land to the early Egyptians
517731596	Nomes	The administrative units of upper Egypt
517731597	Old Kingdom	Period from 2700 to 2200 BCE that fell due to weakened central government.
517731598	New Kingdom	Period from 1550 to 1050 BCE when irrigation improved and kings became known as Pharohs
517731599	Olmecs	A southern Mexican civilization that was the predecessor of Maya and Aztec
517731600	Oracle Bones	Pieces of animal bones used by Shang dynasty priests to predict the future of their dynasty.
517731601	Osiris and Horus	Two of the most important god in Eqyptian Civilizations.
517731602	Patriarchy	A system of society where the male is the head of the family.
517731603	Pictogram	A pictoral representation of an object or thought.
517731604	Popul Vah	Mayan collection of creation myths.
517731605	Rosetta Stone	A rock that is covered in inscriptions of hieroglyphs, Egyptian Demotic and Greek.
517731606	Semites	Arabs, Armenians, Jews and Ethiopians
517731607	Shang Dynasty	This Dynasty came after the Xia Dynasty and before the Zhou Dynasty. Oracle bones were used during this dynasty.
517731608	Occupation specialization	Devoting oneself to a particular occupation.
517731609	Sumerians	Lived in modern day Iran and Iraq.
517731610	Teotihuacan	One of the first areas of urbanization in the new world.
517731611	The Book of the Dead	A compilation of many ancient Egyptian texts about the security of eternal happiness after death.
517731612	The Epic of Gilgamesh	A series of tales about the hero Gilgamesh.
517731613	The Great Pyramids of Khufu	A monument in Egypt showing that the Pharoah was seen as a god
517731614	Tikal	ONe of the largest, most elaborate Mayan cities. It was a religious and political city.
517731615	Xia Dynasty	Dynasty during CHina's bronze age from 2700 BC to 2600
517731616	Zhou dynasty	Dynasty with many advancements in religion and administration from 1122 to 480.
517731617	Ziggurats	rectangular tiered temple constructed by ancient mesopotamians.
517731618	Zimbabewes	Local rulers lived in these for protection in modern Zimbabwe and Mozambique.
517731619	Beginning 35,000 years ago...	discoveries of human cultural achievements (sophisticated toolkits, cave paintings and small sculptures, long distance migrations by land and sea) *added to our appreciation of the accomplishments of our ancestors
517731620	Questions about the earliest human beings are hard to answer because...	left no written records or obvious oral traditions
517731621	Myth and history share common purpose...	trying to explain how the world came to be as it is
517731622	Myth's affect...	people's values and behaviors
517731623	Creation	~an explanation for people about their place in the world and their relationship with the god's ~provide guidance on how people should understand and live their lives Until late 18th century, these= only accounts on origins of humans
517731624	Enuma Elish epic	one of the earliest known stories >AKKAD people (in Mesopotamia) >(2000 B.C.E) Goddess Tiamat and consort Kingu revolt against existing gods of Mesopotamia gods call upon Marduk (young god) *Marduk defeats >humans made out of blood of defeated leader of rebels= humans were to devote selves to service of victors (gods) This epic gave meaning/direction to human life and affirmed the authority of priest
517731625	Rigveda epic	(1000 B.C.E) India (hindu religious traditions) *emphasizes the mystical, unknowable qualities of life and it's origins
517731626	Purusha-sakata	(1000 B.C.E)-- famous hymn of Rigveda epic *describes the creation of the world by the god's sacrifice and dismemberment of the giant man, Purusha >humans part of nature, subject to the laws of the universe, but not equal among selves (justifies caste system)
517731627	Book of Genesis	Hebrew Bible 5 days God created the earth 6th day God created larger animals and reptiles, and humans "in his own image" >humans have unique and privileged position as the crown and master of creation
517731628	paleoanthropology	the study of the earliest humans and their environments
517731629	myth	an interpretive story of the past that cannot be verified historically but may have a deep moral message many historians and anthropologist now accept myths as important aids in understanding how different societies have interpreted the origins of the human world myths can have a powerful effect on people's values and behavior
517731630	caste	a hierarchical ordering of people into groups, fixed from birth, based on their inherited ritual status and determining [for example] whom they many marry and with whom they may eat
517731631	teleology	the philosophical study of final causes or purposes. Teleology refers especially to any system that interprets nature or the universe as having a design or purpose. It had been used to provide evidence for the existence of God
517731632	hominid	any of a family (Hominidae) of erect bipedal primate mammals, which includes humans and human like species
517731633	Homo sapiens	Homo, "human", is the genus in which modern humans are placed; sapiens meaning wise
517731634	Homo erectus	the most widespread of all prehistoric hominids, and the most similar to humans. Evolved about two million years ago and became extinct 100,000 years ago.
517731635	B.P.	Before the present. Archaeologist often use this notation, especially for dates older than about 20,000 B.C.E.
517731636	Homo sapiens sapiens	The first human being of the modern type
517731637	shaman	in the religious beliefs of some ASIAN and AMERICAN tribal societies, a person capable of entering into trances and believed to be endowed with supernatural powers, with the ability to cure the sick, find lost or stolen property, predict the future, and protect the community from evil spirits. A shaman may act as a judge or ruler, and, as a priest, the shaman directs communal sacrifices and escorts the souls of the dead to the next world
517731638	bipedal	walking upright on two legs
517731639	Fertile Crescent	Area in Middle East where earliest agricultural villages were formed. Located between Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
517731640	Neolithic Age	The New Stone Age which went from about 8000 B.C to 3000 B.C. People who lived during this learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals.
517731641	Mesopotamia	First civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means "land between the rivers;" Sumerian culture.
517731642	Tigris River	a river running through Sumer, Mespotamia, provided resources for the Mespotamians.
517731643	Euphrates River	River in Mesopotamia; earilest known cities appeared from this river, in modern-day Iraq.
517731644	Nile River	River in Egypt that provided nutrient rich land to support civilization.
517731645	Indus River	The earliest Indian civilization, dating back to 2500 BCE, began in the valley of this river in the northwestern part of the subcontinent of south Asia
517731646	Huang He River	The Yellow River in China.
517731647	Niger River	River flowing from western Africa into the Gulf of Guinea
517731648	Bronze Age	Era when cities began to form (instead of small villages). Tools were being made of metal.
517731649	Sumerians	Created cuneiform writing.
517731650	Sargon of Akkad	Conquered Mesopotamia & united the city-states
517731651	ziggurat	A huge mud-brick temple built by the ancient Sumerians in Mesopotamia.
517731652	pictograms	A writing system where a symbol represents an object or concept.
517731653	cuneiform	Sumerian writing made by pressing a wedge-shaped tool into clay tablets
517731654	ideograms	The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English.
517731655	Epic of Gilgamesh	A series of Sumerian tales that show Sumerian values and beliefs
517731656	Code of Hammurabi	The collection of laws organized by Hammurabi for the people of Babylon to follow. Earliest set of laws.
517731657	polis	A Greek city-state.
517731658	Scientific method	the direct observation of nature, the recording and analysis of observation, and the discussion and debate of findings throughout an international community of scholars.
517731659	Natural Selection	Darwin's idea of "survival of the fittest".
517731660	Homo habilis	called "handy person" because of the stone tools used
517731661	Thomas Kuhn and scientific revolution	wrote "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions"
517731662	7 Creative Behaviors of Homo sapiens sapiens	1. We are the lone survivors among all hominids of the last 6 million years. 2. We continued to spread to all parts of the globe (migrate). 3. We built small, temporary settlements. 4. We continued to craft more sophisticated tools. 5. We elaborated language. 6. We began painting and sculpting art around 25,000 b.c.e. 7. We began the domestication of plants and animals around 10,000-15,000 b.c.e.
517731663	Sally Slocum	An anthropologist who in 1971, published on of the first feminist critiques of the current understand of hominid evolution.
517731664	Venus figurines	carved female figurines which pay scant attention to facial or personal features, but rather emphasize a shapely woman's figure.
517731665	Chauvet Paintings	A cave in France which contains 300-plus Paleolithic wall paintings of horses, buffalo, and lions. Earliest examples known anywhere in the world