Jeffersonians Flashcards

671526021	Revolution of 1800	in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, and taxes, Jefferson won the election of 1800 and it was called a revolution because it was a successful transfer from one political party to another done without violence (Federalist to Democratic-Republican)
671526022	12th Amendment	Required presidential electors to vote separately for president and vice president; on 2 different ballots
671526023	Vice-President Burr	was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made him Vice- President.
671526024	Sec. of Treasury Gallatin	was a Swiss immigrant who was a financial genius and served as U.S. Secretary of the Treasury from 1801 - 1814 under Presidents Jefferson and Madison. He advocated free trade and opposed the Federalists' economic policies. he was a member of the U.S. delegation that negotiated the Treaty of Ghent, and later served as Ambassador to France and to Britain.
671526025	mignight judges	They were 42 Judges appointed by Adams, as he was leaving presidency, enstated in order to take power away from new president Jefferson. This led to the Marbury vs. Madison case.
671526026	Justice Samuel Chase	A Federalist judge appointed by Washington to the Supreme Court. Chase had been a Revolutionary War hero, and was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson disagreed with his rulings and had him impeached for publicly criticizing the Jefferson administration to the Maryland grand jury. Chase was acquited by the Senate, and the impeachment failed. (This is the only attempt in history to impeach a U.S. Supreme Court Justice.)
671526027	Toussaint L'Overture	1803 - Led a slave rebellion which took control of Haiti, the most important island of France's Caribbean possessions. The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth, and encouraged him to sell Louisiana to the U.S.
671526028	Louisiana Purchase	The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.
671526029	Lewis and Clark	1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.
671526030	Zebulon Pike	American soldier and explorer whom Pikes Peak in Colorada is named. His Pike expedition often compared to the Lewis and Clark expedition, mapped much of the southern portion of the Louisiana Purchase
671526031	Hamilton-Burr duel	Duel between two prominent politicians that ended fatally. Arose from long-standing political and personal bitterness that had developed between both men over a course of several years. Fought during a time when dueling was illegal.
671526032	Tripolitan War (1801-1805)	Also called the Barbary Wars, this was a series of naval engagements launched by President Jefferson in an effort to stop the attacks on American merchant ships by the Barbary pirates. The war was inconclusive, afterwards, the U.S. paid a tribute to the Barbary states to protect their ships from pirate attacks; against North-African nation of Tripoli over piracy
671526033	Chesapeake-Leopard Affair	1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.
671526034	Embargo of 1807	This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade; Hcurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.
671526035	Election of 1808	James Madison (Republican) vs. Thomas Pickney (Federalist)/ Madison won
671526036	James Madison	The 4th President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution (father of the constitution) and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. Guided nation through War of 1812; author of the Bill of Rights
671526037	Non-Intercourse Act	1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.
671526038	Macon's Bill No. 2	1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.
671526039	Orders in Council	British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods; edicts that closed European ports to foreign shipping unless they stopped first in a British port
671526040	Impressment	British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service
671526041	Battle of Tippecanoe	Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812; ends attempt to unite all tribes in Mississippi.
671526042	Tecumseh	a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813)
671526043	Red Stick Confederacy	Alliance of Creek Indian groups east of the Mississippi allied with Tecumseh to resist white expansion during war of 1812
671526044	War Hawks	members of Congress from the South and the West who called for war with Britain prior to the War of 1812; Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain & who wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.
671526045	War of 1812	War between the U.S. and Great Britain which lasted until 1814, ending with the Treaty of Ghent and a renewed sense of American nationalism; trying to interfere with American trade with France
671526046	Battle of Thames	The Battle of Thames was fought at the River Thames in Canada on October 13, 1813. In this battle, the redcoats were overtaken by General Harrison and his army after they had withdrawn from Fort Malden. A Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, fought for the British and lost his life. With his death came the death of his confederacy.
671526047	Battle of Plattsburgh	Battle where Thomas McDonough defeated the British in the North and secured the border of US
671526048	Fort McHenry	Fort in Baltimore Harbor unsuccessfully bombarded by the British in September 1814; Francis Scott Key, a witness to the battle, was moved to write the words to "The Star-Spangled Banner".
671526049	Francis Scott Key	United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812
671526050	Washington DC	the capital of the United States
671526051	USS Constitution	warship which defeated the British Warship Guerriere in 1812 -- called "Old Ironsides"; first ironclad ship
671526052	Jackson's victory at New Orleans	January, 1815 - A large British invasion force was repelled by Andrew Jackson's troops at New Orleans. Jackson had been given the details of the British army's battle plans by the French pirate, Jean Laffite. About 2500 British soldiers were killed or captured, while in the American army only 8 men were killed. Neither side knew that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the War of 1812 two weeks before the battle. This victory inspired American nationalism.
671526053	Clay's American System	Establish protective tariff, bring back national bank and sponser development of transportation systems (after war of 1812)
671526054	Blue Light Federalists	derogatory term used by those who believed certain Federalists to have made friendly ("blue-light") signals to British ships in the War of 1812 to warn the British of American blockade runners, the specific event supposedly happening in 1813, in New London, Connecticut, when Commodore Stephen Decatur saw blue lights burning near the mouth of the New London river in sight of the British blockaders. He was convinced that these were signals to betray his plans.
671526055	Hartford Convention	Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalists much influence.
671526056	Treaty of Ghent	December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.
671526057	American System	an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.
671526058	Second bank of the US	John C. Calhoun introduced this to help the financial stability of the country by issuing national currency and regulating state banks
671526059	Tariff of 1816	This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.
671526060	James Monroe	He was the 5th President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that Americas should be closed to future European colonization & free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. Further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars; begins expansionism including Florida and Missouri, reigning over the Era of Good Feelings
671526061	Bonus Bill	Called by Calhoun to use the bonus paid by the bank and distribute it equally among every state for improvements; provided bonus money for World War 1 veterans. Each veteran would receive $1000
671526062	Rush-Bagot Treaty	The Treaty demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval armaments and forts still remained, and laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the US and British North America This agreement was indicative of improving relations between the United States and Britain during this time period following the end of the War of 1812.
671526063	Convention of 1818	Treaty between England and the United States that set the northern American border at the 49th parallel and stated Oregon as a joint occupation.
671526064	Panic of 1819	Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.
671526065	Adams-Onis Treaty	1819. Settled land dispute between Spain and United States as a result of tensions brought on by weakening Spanish power in the New World. U.S. gained Florida in exchange for $5 million and renounced any claims on Texas and settled boundary between two countries to the Pacific Ocean; US got Florida from Spain
671526066	Monroe Doctrine	A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
671526067	Election of 1820	this election was James Monroe's re-election that was unopposed meaning nobody ran against it. Monroe toured the whole nation and got all but 1 electoral vote. Federalist party no longer existed.
671526068	Era of Good Feelings	A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.
671526069	Development of Sectionalism	Sectionalism in 1800's America refers to the different economies, social structures, customs, and political values of the North and South; North & South interests differed
671526070	Textiles	fabrics that are woven or knitted; material for clothing; 1st industry to be industrialized in the 18th century.
671526071	Urbanization	the growth of cities and the migration of people into them
671526072	Corn is King	Key element of US supply (?)
671526073	Cotton is King	Cotton became a very powerful crop to both North and South. 75 percent of all cotton growth came from the colonies. Cotton made the South popular. They would win a war because of cotton. Britain also depended on cotton, which gave the South power as well. NO place for immigrants in Cotton Kingdom structure, so they went north. The north diversified, got new people, new culture, grew. South stayed "Anglo-Saxon" (WASPS)
671526074	Samuel Slater	He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.
671526075	Robert Fulton	American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)
671526076	Clermont	Fulton's steamboat in 1807 which powered on/by a newly designed engine. It took the Clermont 32 hours to go 150 miles from New York to Albany.
671526077	Eli Whitney	an American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged
671526078	Interchangeable parts	identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing
671526079	Cotton Gin	Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers. Now cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. Results: more cotton is grown and more slaves are needed for more acres of cotton fields
671526080	Lowell, Massachusetts	city in Massachusetts with many textile mills, employed many women for labor, named after Francis Cabot Lowell
671526081	Daniel Webster	Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.
671526082	Internal Improvements	federal projects, such as canals and roads, to develop the nation's transportation system
671526083	Early RR and Canals	Early forms of transportation/transportation routes
671526084	Cumberland Road	The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.
671526085	John Marshall	created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court
671526086	Marbury v. Madison	The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789).
671526087	McCullough v. Maryland	1819 ruling by the Supreme Court stating that Maryland could not tax the local office of the Bank of the United States because it was the property of the National Gov't
671526088	Dartmouth v. New Hampshire	1819. New Hampshire government attempted to take Dartmouth's land and force the college to become a college institution; Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that because the college's charter was a legal contract, it had to stand and the state could not take over the college
671526089	Gibbons v. Ogden	This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.
671526090	Worchester v. Georgia	The Supreme Court decided Georgia had no jurisdiction over Cherokee reservations. Georgia refused to enforce decision and President Jackson didn't support the Court.
671526091	Missouri Compromise	The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.
671526092	John Quincy Adams	Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.
671526093	Election of 1824	No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."
671526094	"Corrupt Bargain"	In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.