Out of Many: Mega Midterm Mashup, Part I Flashcards

Here it is! It's a massive 194-term Midterm Review, and it essentially combines all the pre-Civil War terms. Yes, it's a lot, but on the test, they won't actually separate between units. If you can get them all, give yourself a pat on the back-you are a true US History Champion! This is part I.

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622549662	Anasazi	A group of Ancient Pueblo people who settled in the present-day southwest United States; first Americans to build permanent settlements
622549663	Pueblo Revolt	Uprising that lasted from August 10th-21st, 1680 by Pueblo people against New Spain; also known as Popé's Rebellion
622549664	Cherokee	Native Americans who were settled in the southeastern British America, today they live in North Carolina and Oklahoma
622549665	Iroquois	A group of Native Americans who aided the British against the French
622549666	Ecomienda	Legal American system under the Spanish Crown dealing with Native labor, much like slavery
622549667	Bartolomé de las Casas	A reformer who accounted much of the atrocities against Natives, he was very peaceful with them
622549668	Coureurs de bois	Independent French-Canadian woodsman who traveled in New France and the interior as fur hunters and Native negotiators
622549669	Iroquois Confederacy	The group of Iroquois that aided the British in the Seven Years' War, made treaties with Ben Franklin
622549670	Jamestown	An English colony in North America established through a joint-stock company, the first permanent settlement in British America
622549671	John Smith	A former leader of the Jamestown colony, he used decree by martial law to establish rule and make the colony survive
622549672	Powhatan Confederacy	A group of Native Americans who worked with the English by teaching them survival skills, one member married an Englishman to establish an alliance
622549673	Cash Crop	A crop (such as tobacco) that would sell for a high price, helping the economy
622549674	Indentured Servants	One who typically gave servitude and labor for about seven years before becoming free, many did not survive through it
622549675	Lord Calvert of Maryland	Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore; he established a colony that was religiously tolerant of all types of Christianity in Maryland
622549676	Virginia Company	Company named for Elizabeth I, provided nomenclature for Virginia; it was a joint-stock company
622549677	Joint-Stock Company	Made of a group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the king
622549678	Indentured Servitude	The opportunity provided to Englishmen to go to the New World through 7 years of labor
622549679	Chesapeake Colonies	The encompassing area which Jamestown was a part of; now, it is divided amongst Virginia and Maryland
622549680	Middle Colonies	Colonies with more fertile land that were focused on trading
622549681	New England Colonies	Colonies that housed Puritans and centered on trade
622549682	Mayflower Compact	The basic political and legal system of the colonies, and asserted that power came from the governed
622549683	William Bradford	An English separatist and governor of Plymouth; he served for 30 years and established Thanksgiving
622549684	Plymouth	A small settlement in Massachusetts made by the Puritans due to a fast approaching winter
622549685	John Winthrop	A governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony who instilled Puritan ideals and developed the "City upon a hill" theory
622549686	"City upon a hill"	The model city for other people to look at and emulate
622549687	Massachusetts Bay Colony	Powerful colony established by the Congregationalists
622549688	Separatists	A Puritan group that was appalled by the corruption of the English church, they went on to move to America
622549689	Non-Separatists	The people who did not want to separate from the British/English church
622549690	Fundamental orders of Connecticut	Considered the First written constitution of British North America
622549691	King Philip's War	Done and led by Metacomet, it was a Native-English conflict which was considered one of the bloodies conflicts between them
622549692	Pequot War	War where after Natives attacked the settlers for their integration methods, the colonists retaliated by burning an entire village
622549693	Thomas Hooker	The man who found secular Connecticut as a proprietorship
622549694	Roger Williams	The founder of secular Rhode Island with intentions of separation from the Puritan church
622549695	Anne Hutchinson	Member of the antinomianism which challenged the Puritan beliefs that led to her exile from their community
622549696	William Penn	A Quaker and friend of King Charles II who founded Pennsylvania for Quakers
622549697	Virginia House of Burgesses	The legislature which allowed for white-male property owners to vote, which in turn needed approval by the British Virginia Company
622549698	Bacon's Rebellion	A rebellion in Virginia's western frontier against the non-protecting, human-shielding government of the Virginian colonial government, done by young men frustrated by their inability to acquire land
622549699	King William's War	The war against the French and the Native Americans on the Canadian border
622549700	Triangle Trade	Route amongst North America, Europe, and Africa which exchanged slaves
622549701	Olaudah Equiano	An African involved in the British abolition of the slave trade
622549702	Middle Passage	The middle leg of the Triangle route in North America where slaves were deposited
622549703	Stono Rebellion	A slave rebellion that was highly successful; 20 slaves met at the Stono River and stole weapons, killed people, and liberated slaves, most were ultimately
622549704	Mercantilism	Theory where economic power was rooted in a favorable trade balance and control of specie as such
622549705	Navigation Acts	Tariffs that required colonists to buy and sell to England only (anything else had to come in from London)
622549706	Salutary Neglect	The age of British treatment of colonies during the period preceding the Seven Year' War; England interfered in its colonial affairs as little as possible
622549707	Poor Richard's Almanac	Book by Ben Franklin filled with wise words and proverbs that became extremely popular
622549708	Cotton Mather	A Puritan minister who was largely responsible for the Salem Witch Trials
622549709	Halfway Covenant	Puritan law that allowed children with baptized parents to become baptized; it came because too few second- and third-generation Puritans were willing to testify publicly about their conversion experiences
622549710	Great Awakening	A wave of religious revivalism by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield
622549711	George Whitefield	Methodist preacher who stressed emotionalism and spirituality (evangelism)
622549712	"Sinners in the hands of an angry god"	Graphic depiction of the underworld, a part of speech that was meant to warn agnostics
622549713	Albany Plan of Union	Proposed by B. Franklin, it proposed all native settlements and western areas to be under one government.
622549714	French and Indian War	Part of the seven years war, this fraction was a war between the French and some natives against the British and the Iroquois. While New France was seceded, many people from the colonies and British commanders died. Mainly fought in Canada.
622549715	Proclamation of 1763	The British government put the western region behind the Appalachians aside for the natives, even though colonists thought it theirs.
622549716	John Peter Zenger	A German American who was jailed for writing anti-government ads.
622549717	Stamp Act	Law passed by parliament in 1765 to raise revenue in America by requiring taxed, stamped paper for legal documents, publications, and playing cards.
622549718	Republican Motherhood	Complex, changing body of ideas, values, and assumptions, closely related to country ideology that influenced American political behavior during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
622549719	Stamp Act Congress	Congress made to protest stamp act
622549720	Sons of Liberty	Secret organizations in the colonies formed to oppose the Stamp Act
622549721	Declaratory Act	Law passed in 1776 to accompany repeal of the Stamp Act that stated that Parliament had the authority to legislate for colonies "in all cases whatsoever"
622549722	Townshend Acts	Acts of Parliament passed in 1767, imposing duties on colonial tea, paint, paper, and glass.
622549723	Benjamin Franklin	Founding father from Pennsylvania and the oldest delegate. Wrote many proverbs.
622549724	Boston Massacre	Massacre on March 5 1773 during a colonist-soldier conflict, leading to 5 dead colonists.
622549725	Tea Act	1773, Act of Parliament that permitted the East India Company to sell through agents in America w/o paying the duty customarily collected in Britain, thus reducing the retail price.
622549726	Boston Tea Party	An early protest done to show hatred for taxes and prices. Colonists dumped tons (literally) of tea into the sea, thus wasting British money and this lead to the Intolerable Acts.
622549727	Intolerable Acts	Named such by colonists, they were acts imposed by the British Government in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party.
622549728	Quartering Acts	Act passed by British Government stating that when asked, colonists had to house soldiers and pay at their own expenses.
622549729	Olive Branch Petition	Pro-George III petition signed by some colonists in hope of reduced atrocities.
622549730	1st Continental Congress	Meeting of delegates from most of the colonies held in 1774 in response to the Coercive Acts. The Congress endorsed the Suffolk resolves, adopted the Declaration of Independence Rights and Grievances, and agreed to establish the Continental Association
622549731	Lexington and Concorde	Battles where the British first attacked, resulting in the start of the Revolutionary War.
622549732	Loyalists	British colonists who opposed independence from Britain (aka Tories).
622549733	Patriots	Colonists who supported independence
622549734	Common Sense	Book by Thomas Paine that said the British System was tyrannical and for America; George III was a royal brute
622549735	Battle of Saratoga	Battle which foreshadowed, but did not determine, British surrender
622549736	Battle of Yorktown	The final battle of the revolution where the British surrendered under Lord Cornwallis
622549737	George Washington	Commander-in-chief of the continental army, the leader chosen to represent New England forces
622549738	Articles of Confederation	Written Document setting up the loose confederation of states that comprised the 1st national government
622549739	Northwest Ordinance	Legislation prohibiting slavery in the Northwest territories and provided the model for the incorporation of future territories into the union as co-equal tribes
622549740	Federalism	The sharing of powers between the national government and the states
622549741	Shay's Rebellion	An armed movement of debt-ridden farmers in western Massachusetts in the winter of 1786-1787; the rebellion created a crisis atmosphere
622549742	Constitutional Convention	Convention that met in Philadelphia in 1787 and drafted the Constitution
622549743	Virginia Plan	Proposal calling for a national legislature in which the states would be represented according to population
622549744	New Jersey Plan	Proposal of the New Jersey delegation for a strengthened national government in which all states would have an equal representation in a unicameral legislature
622549745	Great (Connecticut) Compromise	Plan that established a national bicameral legislature where all states would be equally represented in the Senate and proportionally represented in the House
622549746	3/5 Compromise	Slaves were agreed to make up 3/5 an American citizen
622549747	Anti-Federalists	Opponents of the Constitution in the debate over its ratification
622549748	Bill of Rights	A written summary of inalienable rights and liberties
622549749	Legislative Branch	Branch that handles the making of laws
622549750	Executive Branch	Branch that executes the law
622549751	Judicial Branch	Branch that interprets the law
622549752	Jay's Treaty	Treaty with the Kingdom of Great Britain negotiated in 1794 where the US made major concessions to avert a war over the British seizure of US ships
622549753	Pinckney's Treaty	Treaty with the Kingdom of Spain, boundary at 31st parallel was established so Mississippi river was opened to US for trade
622549754	Whiskey Rebellion	1794, threat of attack by natives, international intrigue, and domestic unrest (mainly farmers); Washington sent 13,000 troops to occupy west Pennsylvania when in fact there were no riots there.
622549755	Capitalism	A type of economic system where private owners own companies on production and making goods and services. Similar to a republic/democracy.
622549756	Alexander Hamilton	First secretary of the treasury, killed in a duel against Aaron Burr, 3rd VP, served w/ T. Jefferson. Federalist
622549757	National Bank	A financial entity which was to establish financial order, clarity and precedence, credit overseas and locally, and to resolve the issue of counterfeit money.
622549758	Federalists	People who supported a strong central government; early political party with ideologies including nationalism and industrialism. The de facto party of George Washington
622549759	Democratic-Republicans	Early political party with ideologies including republicanism, Jeffersonian democracy (equal democracy) states' rights, and more.
622549760	John Adams	Second president of the United States and first Vice President.
622549761	XYZ Affair	Diplomatic row between the United States and Napoleonic France where the Americans were outraged by the demand of the French for a bribe as a condition for negotiating with American diplomats
622549762	Alien & Sedition Acts	Collective name given to four acts passed by Congress in 1798 that curtailed freedom of speech and the liberty of foreign residents in the United States
622549763	Virginia & Kentucky Acts	Acts passed by Virginia and Kentucky legislatures stating that the constitution should only be a "compact ground" for states
622549764	Revolution of 1800	A term used to refer to when Jefferson won the elections of 1800. A revolution it was called; this is because Adams was not re-elected and Jefferson won the overwhelming majority.
622549765	Thomas Jefferson	The third president of the United States, previously Adams' vice president.
622549766	12th Amendment	Put the president and vice president on different ballots
622549767	Midnight Judges	Judges put into power by Adams after his defeat
622549768	Marbury vs. Madison	An early USSC court case where CJ John Marshall (Fed) ruled that the USSC could not force the executive branch to give Marbury his commission; he also ruled that the USSC could determine what was constitutional, and Judicial Review was established.
622549769	Louisiana Purchase	The land (not just today's state) of Louisiana was purchased from Napoleonic France, where the entire land, as a bargain, was sold for $15,000,000 to Jefferson after purchasing it in April 1803.
622549770	Agrarian Society	A society dependent on agriculture, first put into use by Thomas Jefferson. Set the ground for the Southern States to depend on agriculture which would eventually contribute to the Civil War.
622549771	Embargo Act	Act passed by Congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port
622549772	James Madison	The fourth American President, a Democratic-Republican
622549773	Treaty of Fort Wayne	Treaty which allowed the USA to gain 3 million acres of Delaware and Potawatomi land in Indiana
622549774	Battle of Fallen Timbers	Battle where Anthony Wayne defeated Natives which divided the Shawnees
622549775	Tecumseh	A Shawnee warrior who sided with the British to rebel against the Americans, ultimately died in the Battle of the Thames
622549776	Impressment	Process where Royal Navy members searched American ships and captured sailors, regardless of their nationality
622549777	War Hawks	Members of Congress predominantly from the South and West who aggressively pushed for war with Britain after their election in 1810
622549778	War of 1812	Armed conflict between the USA and British Empire from June 1812 to January 1815 fought largely over British restrictions on American shipping
622549779	Hartford Convention	New England Federalists discussed secession, but the idea died out
622549780	Treaty of Ghent	Treaty signed in December 1814 between the US and UK that ended the war of 1812
622549781	Andrew Jackson	The seventh president, he won the Creek War, and was major commander of the Battle of New Orleans
622549782	Battle of New Orleans	Decisive American War of 1812 victory over British hopes of gaining control of the lower Mississippi River Valley
622549783	James Monroe	Fifth American president, last member of the Virginia dynasty
622549784	Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817	Treaty between the US and UK that demilitarized the Great Lakes by sharply limiting the number of ships each power could station on them
622549785	Era of Good Feelings	Time of expansion and national development; from 1817 to 1823 in which the disappearance of the Federalists enabled the Democratic-Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony
622549786	Transcontinental Treaty of 1819	Treaty between the US and Spain where Spain ceded Florida to the US, surrendered the Pacific Northwest and agreed to a boundary between the Louisiana Purchase territory and Spanish Southwest
622549787	Monroe Doctrine	Declaration by President Monroe in 1823 that the West was closed to colonization and the USA wouldn't interfere in European affairs
622549788	Panic of 1819	An economic crisis that resulted from the War of 1812
622549789	Missouri Compromise	Sectional compromise in Congress in 1820 that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state and prohibited slavery in the northern Louisiana Purchase territory
622549790	John Quincy Adams	The sixth president of the United States; had a conflicting presidency
622549791	Election of 1824	Election where Adams defeated Jackson through the House of Representatives
622549792	Henry Clay	Former speaker of the house who let Adams win the 1824 election, went on to become the Secretary of State
622549793	Corrupt Bargain	Term used to describe how Clay became the Secretary of State after let Adams become president
622549795	Spoil System	System used by Jackson where most positions were given to his personal friends
622549796	Kitchen Cabinet	Jackson's group of personal friends including Van Buren who advised him
622549797	Peggy Eaton Scandal	Scandal with Henry Eaton's wife where she was an alleged bigamist; Jackson defended her
622549798	Indian/Native Removal Act	Jackson's measure that allowed the state officials to override federal protection of Natives
622549799	Worcester vs. Georgia	Case where Cherokee fought Georgia in the USSC; they won by Marshall's decree but overridden by Jackson
622549800	Trail of Tears	The forced march in 1838 of the Cherokees from their homelands in Georgia to the Native Territory in the West
622549801	Tariff of Abominations	A tariff that protected industry and was used as a way to raise federal revenue
622549802	John C. Calhoun	Jackson's first vice president, was not a member of the Kitchen Cabinet
622549803	Nullification Crisis	Sectional crisis in the early 1830s in which a states' rights party in South Carolina attempted to nullify federal law
622549804	Pet Banks	Jackson's favored state banks that held deposits from the national bank
622549805	McCulloch vs. Maryland	Case where USSC denied a state's right to tax federal property
622549806	Dartmouth College vs. Woodward	USSC ruled that states must abide to contracts and cannot interfere in them
622549807	Gibbons vs. Ogden	Case that prevented NY from gaining a monopoly over steamboat line to the inventor, Robert Fulton
622549808	Panic of 1837	Six-year recession caused by the bank war and the disestablishment of the second bank
622549809	Martin Van Buren	Eighth president who presided over bank failures, bankruptcies, and massive unemployment
622549810	Gang System of Labor	The organization and supervision of slave field hands into working teams on southern plantations
622549811	Second Great Awakening	Religious revival among black and white southerners in the 1790s
622549812	Harriet Tubman	African-American abolitionist who worked with the underground railroad
622549813	Nat Turner's revolt:	Uprising of slaves in Southampton County, Virginia, in the summer of 1831 led by Nat Turner
622549814	Gag Rule	Passed by Congress in 1836 to stop abolition petitions
622549815	Black Codes	Laws passed by states and municipalities denying many rights of citizenship to free black people before the Civil War
622549816	William Lloyd Garrison	Militant northern abolitionist who published The Liberator
622549817	Denmark Vesey	Gabriel's rebellion, a failed slave revolt by a preacher with a slave revolt for an attack
622549818	Transportation Revolution	Era between 1800 and 1840 which improved transportation in the US: the national road was built
622549819	Market Revolution	The outcome of rapid improvements in transportation, commercialization, and industrialization
622549820	Francis Cabot Lodge	Man who built the world's first automated cotton mill
622549821	Putting Out System	Production of goods in private homes under the supervision of a merchant who "put out" the raw materials, paid a certain sum per finished piece, and sold the completed item to a distant market
622549822	Samuel Slater	An Englishman who, with Moses Brown and William Almy, established a cotton mill
622549823	Lowell Mills	Where power looms were used, they also introduced textile mills
622549824	Sentimentalism	In this era it was when there was extraordinary emphasis on sincerity and feeling; it especially pertained to women
622549825	Transcendentalism	A romantic philosophical theory claiming that there was an ideal, initiative reality transcending ordinary life
622549826	Manifest Destiny	Doctrine, first expressed in 1845, that the expansion of White Americans across the continent was inevitable and ordained by God
622549827	Oregon Trail	Overland trail of more than 2,000 miles that carried American settlers from the Midwest to new settlements
622549828	Mexican American War	War fought between Mexico and the US between 1846 & 1848 over control of territory in southwest North America
622549829	Bear Flag Revolt	The revolt of California's independence from Mexico
622549830	Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo	Treaty of Mexican secession, it ended the war
622549834	Missouri Compromise	Compromise in 1820 that permitted slavery in Missouri and all territories south of it (36°30′)
622549835	Zachary Taylor	12th President, a Whig who was a former war hero
622549836	Wilmot Proviso	The amendment offered by David Wilmot (PA-D) in 1846 which stipulated that "as and express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from Mexico...neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory"
622549837	Popular Sovereignty	A solution to the slavery crisis suggested by MI senator Lewis Cass by which territorial residence, not Congress, would decide slavery's fate
622549838	Compromise of 1850	The four-step compromise which admitted California as a free state, allowed the residents of the New Mexico and Utah territories to decide the slavery issue for themselves, and established that slaves fleeing to a free state would be returned to the owner
622549839	Millard Fillmore	13th President, a weak man who took little action and eventually joined the Know-Nothings
622549840	Fugitive Slave Act of 1852	Part of the Compromise of 1850 that required the authorities in the North to assist southern slave catchers and return runaway slaves to their owners
622549841	Franklin Pierce	14th American President, also a weak man
622549842	Stephen Douglas	The architect of the Compromise of 1850, from Illinois
622549843	Kansas-Nebraska Act	Law passed in 1854 creating the Kansas and Nebraska territories but leaving the question of slavery open to residents, thereby repealing the Missouri Compromise
622549844	Pottawatomie Massacre	When John Brown and sons attacked and killed five unarmed people in a pro-slavery settlement
622549845	Bleeding Kansas	When both pro and anti-slavery people from other states battled in violent means in Kansas
622549846	Republican Party	Party that emerged in the 1850s in the aftermath of the bitter controversy over the Kansas-Nebraska Act, consisting of former Whigs, some northern Democrats, and many Know-Nothings
622549847	Abraham Lincoln	A Republican opposed to slavery, future American President
622549848	Know-Nothings	Name given to the anti-immigrant party formed from the wreckage of the Whig Party and some disaffected Northern Democrats in 1854
622549849	Free-Soil Party	An anti-slavery party that aimed to prevent slavery expanding into the former Mexican territories
622549850	James Buchanan	A Democrat and the 15th American President, a weak man who supported the South
622549851	Sumner-Brooks Incident	Scene when Congressman Preston Brooks beat up Senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the Senate; attracted a horrified Northern and pleased Southern audience
622549852	Dred Scott decision	USSC ruling; in a lawsuit brought by Dred Scott, a slave demanding his freedom based on his residence in a free state, but it was determined that slaves could not be US citizens and that Congress had no jurisdiction over slavery in the territories
622549853	Panic of 1857	Banking crisis that caused a credit crunch in the North; it was less severe in the South, where high cotton prices spurred a quick recovery
622549854	Lecompton Constitution	Pro-slavery draft written in 1857 by Kansas territorial delegates elected under questionable circumstances; it was rejected by two governors, supported by Buchanan, and decisively defeated by Congress
622549855	A House Divided	Lincoln's speech at the Republican Convention, Lincoln said a house divided can't stand and either there will be slavery or there will not
622549856	Lincoln-Douglas Debates	Debates between the two over slavery and the future of the Union
622549857	Freeport Doctrine	When Douglas believed that slavery could be prevented in any territory
622549858	John Brown's raid	New England abolitionist John Brown's ill-fated attempt to free Virginia's slaves with a raid on the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, in 1859
622549859	Election of 1860	The election that was four-way and produced Lincoln as a winner. Sectionalism, though, was the true winner.