Chapter 3, Water and the Fitness of the Environment Flashcards

465833334	Polar Molecule	A molecule in which two ends of the molecule have opposite charges.
465833335	Fragile	When water is in its liquid form, its hydrogen bonds are very ___.
465833336	Cohesion	The intermolecular force that holds together the molecules in a solid or liquid; for example, oxygen and hydrogen molecules in water.
465833337	Adhesion	The clinging of one substance to another; for example, water to cell walls (by the force of hydrogen bonds).
465833338	Surface Tension	A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Ex.) Water has a greater surface tension that most other liquids because of the hydrogen-bonded water molecules on and below the surface.
465833339	True	True or false: water moderates air temperature by absorbing heat from air that is warmer and releasing the stored heat to air that is cooler.
465833340	Kinetic Energy	The energy of motion.
465833341	Heat	A measure of a matter's total kinetic energy due to motion of it's molecules (including the matter's volume).
465833342	Temperature	A measure of a matter's heat intensity, which represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules regardless of volume.
465833343	False	True or false: there is more heat AND a hotter temperature in a cup of coffee than in a swimming pool.
465833344	B	A or B: With two objects (one hot, one cold) - A.) The colder one gives off coolness to the warmer one. B.) The warmer one gives off heat to the cooler one.
465833345	A	A or B: With the Celsius scale.. A.) Average human body temperature measures to 37 degrees; room temperature about 20 degrees. B.) Average human body temperature about 100 degrees; room temperature about 0 degrees.
465833346	Calorie	A unit of heat; The amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
465833347	Kilocalorie	A unit of heat; The amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
465833348	Joule	A unit of energy; 1 X = .239 calories; 1 calorie = 4.184 X.
465833349	Specific Heat	The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for one gram of that substance to change its temperature by one degree Celsius.
465833350	Heat of Vaporization	The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for one gram of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.
465833351	Evaporative Cooling	The cooling of a surface of liquid that occurs as liquid evaporates.
465833352	Expand	Water will ____ when it solidifies.
465833353	Contract	Water will not ____ when it solidifies, as opposed to other liquids.
465833354	Yes	Yes or No: when water reaches one degree, water molecules are locked into a set of four partners of hydrogen bonds that keep the molecules at "arm's length", far enough to make ice about 10% less dense - now at four degrees.
466078659	Solution	A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
466078660	Solvent	A dissolving agent of a solution
466078661	Solute	A substance being dissolved into a dissolving agent
466078662	Aqueous Solution	A solution in which the solvent is water.
466078663	Hydration Shell	The sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion.
466078664	Hydrophilic	Having a strong affinity or attraction to water. (polar!)
466078665	Hydrophobic	Lacking affinity for water; no attraction/"dislike" for water. (nonpolar!)
466078666	Colloid	A stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid.
466078667	Molecular Mass	The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule.
466078668	Mole	The molecular weight of a substance expressed in grams.
466078669	Molarity	The number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
466078670	Acid	A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution (H+) and lowers the hydroxide concentration.
466078671	Base	A substance that increases the hydroxide ion concentration of a solution. (OH-)
466078672	Hydrogen Ion	A single proton with a charge of 1+ (H+).
466078673	Hydroxide Ion	An ion with a charge of -1. (OH-)
466078674	Hydronium Ion	A hydrogen ion that combines with a water molecule to form H3O(+), leaving a hydroxide ion behind.
466078675	10 (-14)	The balanced "product" of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions. [H+][OH-] = ....
466078676	1,000	A solution of pH 3 is not twice as acidic as a solution of pH 6, but a ____ times more acidic.
466078677	Buffers	Substances that minimize changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution; done by either absorbing or donating hydrogen ions to the solution depending on the concentration. Example: Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate (consists of an acid and a base in equilibrium)
466078678	Acid Precipitation	Rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than 5.2 (more acidic).