APUSH 2013: Terms 306-471 Flashcards

Should be theoretically getting easier...the infamous Supreme Court case "APUSH Student v. The Terms Test"

682930373	"The burned-over district"	Term applied to western region of New York along the Erie Canal, referring to the religious fervor of its inhabitants. 1800s=farmers susceptible to tent revivals of Pentecostals=religious groups
682930375	American Temperance Union	The flagship of the temperance movement of the 1800s. Opposed to alcohol.
682930377	Brook Farm	Utopian experiment in New Roxbury, Massachusetts that lasted 6 years from (1841-1847)
682930379	New Harmony	Utopian settlement in Indiana form 1825-1827. 1000 settlers but a lack of authority broke it up.
682930381	Oneida Community	Socio-religious perfectionist group in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal rising of children, and communal property.
682930384	Shakers	Millennial group that believed in Jesus Christ and a mystic named Ann Lee. Celibate=could only increase numbers via conversion=ceased to exist
682930386	Amana Community	German religious sect set up this community with communist leanings.
682930388	Catherine Beecher	(1800-1878)-Writer and lecturer, worked on behalf of household arts and the education of the young. Established 2 schools for women emphasizing better teacher training and opposed women's suffrage.
682930390	Charles G. Finney (1792-1875)	Immensely successful revivalist of the 1800s. Helped establish "Oberlin Theology." Had an interest in "disinterested benevolence" and helped shape character of charitable organizations of the time.
682930391	Commonwealth v. Hunt	1842-Case heard by the Massachusetts supreme court. First case to recognize that the conspiracy law didn't apply to unions and that strikes for a closed shop were legal. Also decided that unions weren't responsible for illegal acts of members.
682930393	Dorothea Dix	Reformer and pioneer in movement to treat the insane as mentally ill. Beginning in the 1820s responsible for improving conditions in prisons, poor houses, insane asylums in US and Canada. Persuaded many states to take more responsibility in taking care of mentally ill. Superintendent of Nurses in the US army during the war.
682930395	Edgar Allan Poe	Author who wrote many poems and short stories including "The Raven," "The Bells," "The Tell-Tale Heart," and "The Gold Bug." He was the originator of the detective story and had a major influence on symbolism and surrealism. Best known for macabre stories.
682930397	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Pioneer in the women's suffrage movement. Helped organize the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Later helped edit militant feminist magazine Revolution from 1868-1870.
682930399	Henry Wadsworth Longfellow	(1807-1882) Internationally recognized poet. Emphasized the value of tradition and the impact of the past on the present.
682930401	James Fenimore Cooper, The Last of the Mohicans, The Spy, The Pioneers	The Last of the Mohicans-1826-A book about a scout named Hawkeye during the French and Indian War, while he was in his prime. One of the Leatherstocking Tales, about a frontiersman and a noble Indian, and the clash between growing civilization and untamed wilderness. The Spy-1821-was about the American Revolution The Pioneers-1823-tells of an old scout returning to his boyhood home and is one of the Leatherstocking Tales, a series of novels about the American frontier, for which Cooper was famous (Leatherstocking is the scout. Cooper later stayed in Europe for seven years, and when he returned he was disgusted by American society because it didn't live up to his books. Cooper emphasized the independence of individuals and importance of a stable social order.
682930403	Lucretia Mott	(1803-1880) Early feminist, who worked constantly with her husband in liberal causes, particularly slavery abolition and women's suffrage. Her home was a station on the underground railroad. With Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she helped organize the first women's rights convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848.
682930406	Lyceum movement	Developed in the 1800's in response to growing interest in higher education. Associations were formed in nearly every state to give lectures, concerts, debates, scientific demonstrations, and entertainment. Directly responsible for the increase in the number of institutions of higher learning.
682930408	Margaret Fuller, The Dial	Social reformer, leader in the women's movement and a transcendentalist. Edited The Dial (1840-1842), which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom," "progress in philosophy and theology...and hope that the future will not always be as the past."
682930410	Mormons, Joseph Smith, Brigham Young, Utah	Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. In 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and led to an uprising against Mormons in 1844. He translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr. 1847-Brigham Young led the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake Valley in Utah, where they founded the Mormon republic of Deseret. Believed in polygamy and strong social order. Others feared that the Mormons would act as a block, politically and economically.
682930412	Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter	Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A."
682930414	Nativism; Samuel Morse, Imminent Dangers to the Free Institutions of the US through Foreign Immigration, and the Present State of the Naturalization Laws	-An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics. -He was briefly involved in Nativism and anti-Catholic movements, asserting that foreign immigration posed a threat to the free institutions of the U.S., as immigrants took jobs from Americans and brought dangerous new ideas.
682930417	Oberlin, Mt. Holyoke	-Founded by a New England Congregationalist at Oberlin, Ohio. First coed facility at the college level. The first to enroll Blacks in 1835. -founded in 1837 in South Hadley, Massachusetts. Became the model of later liberal arts institutions of higher education for women. Liberal colleges.
682930419	Orestes Brownson	Presbyterian layman, Universalist minister, Unitarian preacher and founder of his own church in Boston. Spent his life searching for his place and supporting various causes. As an editor, he attacked organized Christianity and own a large intellectual New England following. Then turned Roman Catholic and became a strong defender of Catholicisim in Brownson's Quarterly Review, from 1844 until his death.
682930421	Public education, Horace Mann	Secretary of the newly formed Massachusetts Board of Education, he created a public school system in Massachusetts that became the model for the nation. Started the first American public schools, using European schools (Prussian military schools) as models.
682930423	Ralph Waldo Emerson	Essayist, poet. A leading transcendentalist, emphasizing freedom and self-reliance in essays which still make him a force today. He had an international reputation as a first rate poet. Spoke and wrote many works on the behalf of Abolitionists.
682930425	Rise of labor leaders	During the 1800s, labor unions became more and more common. Their leaders sought to achieve the unions' goals through political actions. Their goals included reduction in the length of the workday, universal education, free land for settlers. And abolition of monopolies. Labor unions were the result of the growth of factories.
682930427	Seneca Falls, 1848	July, 1848-Site of the first modern women's rights convention. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiment listing the many discriminations against women, and adopting 11 resolutions, one of which for suffrage.
682930429	Ten Nights in a Bar-Room, Timothy Arthur	A melodramatic story, published in 1856, which became a favorite text for temperance lecturers. In it, a traveler visits the town of Cedarville occasional for ten years, notes the changing fortunes of the citizens and blames the saloon.
682930430	(Henry David) Thoreau, Walden, On Civil Disobedience	A transcendentalist and a friend of Emerson. He lived alone on Walden Pond for only $8 a year from 1845-1847 and wrote about it in Walden. In his essay, "On Civil Disobedience," he inspired social and political reformers because he had refused to pay a poll tax in protest of slavery and the Mexican-American War, and he had spent a night in jail. He was an extreme individualist and advised people to protest by not obeying laws (passive resistance).
682930431	Transcendentalism	A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830s and 1840s, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need of organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that the mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.
682930432	Transcendentalists	Believed in Transcendentalism, they included Emerson (who pioneered the movement) and Thoreau. Many of them formed cooperative communities such as Brook Farm and Fruitlands, in which they lived and farmed together with the philosophy as their guide. "They sympathize with each other in the hope that the future will not always be as the past." It was more literary than practical- Brook farm lasted only from 1841-1847
682930433	Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass	Leaves of Grass (185) was his first volume of poetry. He broke away from the traditional forms and content of New England poetry by describing the life of working Americans and using words like "I reckon," "duds," and "folks." He loved people and expressed the new democracy of a nation finding itself. He had radical ideas and abolitionist vies - Leaves of Grass was considered immoral. Patriotic.
682930434	Washington Irving	Author, diplomat. Wrote The Sketch Book, which included "Rip Van Winkle" and "the Legend of Sleepy Hollow." He was the first American to be recognized England (and elsewhere) as a writer.
682930435	Women, their rights, areas of discrimination	In the 1800s women were not allowed to be involved in politics or own property, had little legal status and rarely held jobs.
682930436	Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge	1837-Supreme Court ruled that a charter granted by a state to a company cannot work to the disadvantage of the public. The Charles River Bridge Company protested when the Warren Bridge Company was authorize din 1828 to build a free bridge where it had been chartered to operate a toll bridge in 1785. The court ruled that the Charles River Company was not granted a monopoly right in their charter, and the Warren Company could build its bridge.
682930437	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia	1831-The Supreme Court ruled that Indians weren't independent nations but dependent domestic nations, which could be regulated by the federal government. From then until 1871, treaties were formalities with the terms dictated by the federal government.
682930438	Cohens. v. Virginia	1821-This case upheld the Supreme Court's jurisdiction to review a state court's decision where the case involved breaking federal laws.
682930439	Commonwealth vs. Hunt	1842-Case heard by the Massachusetts Supreme Court. The case was the first judgment in the U.S. that recognized that the conspiracy law is inapplicable to unions and that strikes for a closed shop are legal. Also decided that unions are not responsible for illegal acts of their members.
682930440	Dartmouth College v. Woodward	1819-This decision declared private corporation charters to be contracts and immune from impairment by states' legislative action. It freed corporations from the states which created them.
682930441	Fletcher v. Peck	1810-A state had tried to revoke a land grant on the grounds that it had been obtained by corruption. The court ruled that a state cannot arbitrarily interfere with a person's property rights. Since the land grant was a legal contract, it could not be repealed, even if corruption was involved.
682930442	Gibbons v. Ogden	1824-This case ruled that only the federal government has authority over interstate commerce.
682930443	Marbury v. Madison	1803-The case arose out of Jefferson's refusal to deliver the commissions to the judges appointed by Adams' Midnight Appointments. One of the appointees, Marbury, sued the Sect. of State, Madison, to obtain his commission. The Supreme court held that Madison need not deliver the commissions because the Congressional act that created the new judgeships violated the judiciary provisions of the Constitution, and was therefore unconstitutional and void. The case established the Supreme Court's right to judicial review. Chief Justice John Marshall presided.
682930444	McCulloch v. Maryland	1819-the decision upheld the power of Congress to charter a bank as a government agency, and denied the state the power to tax that agency.
682930445	Worcester v. Georgia	1832-Expanded tribal authority by declaring tribes sovereign entities, like states, with exclusive authority within their own boundaries. President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling.
682930446	49th parallel	The Oregon Treaty of 1846 established a U.S./Canadian (British) border along this parallel. The boundary along the 49th parallel extended from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean.
682930447	54°40' or Fight!	An aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon would be drawn. This was also Polk's slogan - the Democrats wanted the U.S. border drawn at the 54°40' latitude. Polk settled for the 49° latitude in 1846.
682930448	Alamo	A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for 13 days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.
682930449	Annexation of Texas, Joint Resolution under Tayler	U.S. made Texas a state in 1845. Joint resolution- both houses of Congress supported annexation under Tayler, and he signed the bill shortly before leaving office.
682930450	Aroostook War	Maine lumberjacks camped along the Aroostook River in Maine in 1839 tried to oust Canadian rivals. Militia was called in from both sides until the Webster Ashburton - Treaty was signed. Took place in disputed territory.
682930451	Brigham Young, Mormons, Great Salt Lake	1847-Brigham Young led the Mormons of the Great Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they founded the Mormon republic of Deseret. Believed in polygamy and strong social order. Others feared that the Mormons would act as a block, politically and economically.
682930452	Election of 1848: Cass, Taylor	Zachary Taylor- Whig. Lewis Cass- Democrat. Martin Van Buren- Free Soil Party (Oregon issues). Taylor side-stepped the issue of slavery and allowed his military reputation to gain him victory. Cass advocated states' rights in the slavery issue. Free Soil Party wanted no slavery in Oregon.
682930453	Election of 1844	James K. Polk -Democrat vs. Henry Clay- Whig vs. James G. Birney -Liberty Party. Manifest Destiny issues: The annexation of Texas and the reoccupation of Oregon. Tariff reform. The Liberty Party was the first abolitionist party
682930454	Gadsden Purchase	1853- After the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed, the U.S. realized that it had accidentally left portions of the southwestern stage coach routes to California as part of Mexico. James Gadsden, the U.S. Minister would provide for the purchase of the territory through which the stage lines ran, along which the U.S. hoped to also eventually build a southern continental railroad. This territory makes up the southern parts of Arizona and new Mexico.
682930455	General Zachary Taylor	Commander of the Army of Occupation on the Texas border. On President Polk's orders, he took the Army into the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers and built a fort on the north bank of the Rio Grande River. When the Mexican Army tried to capture the fort, a series of engagements was prompted that led to the Mexican War. His first victories in the war and defeat of Santa Ana made him a national hero.
682930456	Great American Desert	Region between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains. Vast domain became accessible to Americans wishing to settle there. This region was called the "Great American Desert" in atlases published between 1820 and 1850, and many people were convinced this land was a Sahara habitable only to Indians. Major Long had coined the phrase during his exploration of the middle of the Louisiana Purchase region.
682930457	Hegemony	Domination or leadership - especially the predominant influence of one state over others. Northern states seemed to be dominating Southern states.
682930458	Horace Greeley	Founder and editor of the New York Tribune. He popularized the saying "Go west, young man." He said that people who were struggling in the East could make the fortunes by going west.
682930459	James K. Polk	President known for promoting Manifest Destiny.
682930460	John Jacob Astor	His American fur company (est. 1808) rapidly became the dominant fur trading company in America. Helped finance the War of 1812. First millionaire in America (in cash, not land).
682930461	Joseph Smith	Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. In 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and led to an uprising against Mormons in 1844. He translated the book of Mormon and died a martyr.
682930462	(Stephen) Kearny, (John C.) Fremont, Winfield Scott	Kearny=commander of the Army of the West in the Mexican War, marched all the way to California, securing New Mexico Fremont=Civil governor of California, led the Army exploration to help Kearny. Heard that a war with Mexico was coming, thought they could take California by himself before the war began and became a hero. He failed, so he joined forces with Kearny. General Winfield Scott=led the U.S. forces' march on Mexico City during the Mexican War. He took the city and ended the war.
682930463	"Manifest Destiny"	Phrase commonly used in the 1840s and 1850s. It expressed the inevitability of continued expansion of the U.S. to the Pacific.
682930464	Mexican Cession	Some of Mexico's territory was added to the U.S. after the Mexican War: Arizona, New Mexico, California, Utah, Nevada & Colorado (Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo)
682930465	Mexican War: causes, results	Causes: annexation of Texas, diplomatic ineptness of U.S./Mexican relations in the 1840s and particularly the provocation of U.S. troops on the Rio Grande. The first half of the war was fought in northern Mexico near the Texas border, with the U.S. Army led by Zachary Taylor. The second half of the war was fought in central Mexico after U.S. troops seized the port of Veracruz, with the Army being led by Winfield Scott. Results: U.S. captured Mexico City, Zachary Taylor was elected president, Santa Ana abdicated, and Mexico ceded large parts of the West, including new Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and California, to the U.S.
682930466	Nicholas Philip Trist	Sent as a special envoy by President Polk to Mexico City in 1847 to negotiate an end to the Mexican War.
682930467	Oregon fever	1842-Many Eastern and Midwestern farmers and city dwellers were dissatisfied with their lives and began moving up the Oregon trail to the Willamette Valley. This free land was widely publicized.
682930468	Oregon territory	The territory that comprised of what are now the states of Oregon and Washington, and portions of what became British Columbia, Canada. This land was claimed by both the U.S. and Britain and was held jointly and under the Convention of 1818.
682930469	Reoccupation of Texas and reannexation of Oregon	Texas was annexed by Polk in 1845. Oregon was explored by Lewis and Clark from 1804 to 1806 and American fur traders set up there, but during the War of 1812, the British essentially took control of Oregon and held it jointly with the U.S. The land was returned to the U.S. with the Oregon Treaty of 1846, supported by Polk.
682930470	Republic of Texas	Created march, 1836 but not recognized until the next month after the battle of San Jacinto. Its second president attempted to establish a sound government and develop relations with England and France. However, rapidly rising public debt, internal conflicts and renewed threats from Mexico led Texas to joint him U.S. in 1845.
682930471	Rio Grande, Nueces River, disputed territory	Texas claimed its southern border was the Rio Grande; Mexico wanted the border drawn at the Nueces River, about 100 miles north of the Rio Grande. U.S. and Mexico agreed not to send troops into the disputed territory between the two rivers, but President Polk later reneged on the agreement.
682930472	Sam Houston	Former Governor of Tennessee and an adopted member of the Cherokee Indian tribe, Houston settled in Texas after being sent there by Pres. Jackson to negotiate with the local Indians. Appointed commander of the Texas army in 1835, he led them to victory at San Jacinto, where they outnumbered 2 to 1. He was the President of the Republic of Texas (1836-1838 & 1841-1845) and advocated Texas joining the Union in 1845. He later served as a Senator and Governor of Texas, but was removed form governorship in 1861 for refusing to ratify Texas joining the Confederacy.
682930473	San Jacinto	A surprise attack by Texas forces on Santa Ana's camp on April 21, 1836. Santa Ana's men were surprised and overrun in twenty minutes. Santa Ana was taken prisoner and signed an armistice securing Texas' independence. Mexicans- 1,500 dead, 1,000 captured. Texans - 4 dead.
682930474	Santa Ana	As dictator of Mexico, he led the attack on the Alamo in 1836. Hew as later defeated by Sam Houston at San Jacinto.
682930475	Slidell mission to Mexico	Appointed minister to Mexico in 1845, John Slidell went to Mexico to pay for disputed Texas and California land. But the Mexican government was still angry about the annexation of Texas and refused to talk to him.
682930476	Stephen Austin	1822, Austin founded the first settlement of Americans in Texas. In 1833 he was sent by the colonists to negotiate with the Mexican government for Texan independence and was imprisoned in Mexico until 1835, when he returned to Texas and became the commander of the settlers' army in the Texas revolution.
682930477	Texas War for Independence	After a few skirmishes with Mexican soldiers in 1835, Texas leaders met and organized a temporary government. Texas troops initially seized San Antonio, but lost it after the massacre of the outpost garrisoning the Alamo. In response, Texas issued a Declaration of Independence. Santa Ana tried to swiftly put down the rebellion, but Texan soldiers surprised him and his troops on April 21, 1836. They crushed his forces and captured him in the Battle of San Jacinto, and forced him to sign a treaty granting Texan independence. U.S. lent no aid.
682930478	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provisions	This treaty required Mexico to cede the American Southwest, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and California, to the US. The US gave Mexico $15 million in exchange, so that it would not look like conquest.
682930479	Webster-Ashburton Treaty	1842-Established Maine's northern border and the boundaries of the Great Lake states.
682930480	Wilmot Proviso	When President Polk submitted his Appropriations Bill of 1846 requesting Congress' approval of the $2 million indemnity to be paid to Mexico under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Pennsylvania Representative David Wilmot attached a rider which would have barred slavery from the territory acquired. The South hated the Wilmot Proviso and a new Appropriations Bill was introduced in 1847 without the Proviso. It provoked one of the first debates on slavery at the federal level, and the principles of the Proviso became the core of the Free Soil, and later Republican Party.
682930481	Clipper ships	Long, narrow, wooden ships with tall masts and enormous sails. They were developed in the second quarter of the 1800s. These ships were unequalled din speed and were used for trade, especially for transporting perishable products from distant countries like China and between the eastern and western US.
682930482	Cyrus Field	An American financier who backed the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic. After four failed attempts in 1857, 1858, 1865, a submarine cable was successfully laid between Newfoundland and Ireland in July, 1866.
682930483	Cyrus McCormick, mechanical reaper	McCormick built the reaping machine in 1831, and it made farming more efficient. Part of the industrial revolution, it allowed farmers to substantially increase the acreage that would be worked by a single family, and also made corporate farming possible.
682930484	Elias Howe	Invented the sewing machine in 1846, which made sewing faster and more efficient.
682930485	Lowell factory, factory girls	Francis Cabot Lowell established a factory in 1814 at Waltham, Massachusetts. It was the first factory in the world to manufacture cotton cloth by power machinery in a building. Lowell opened a chaperoned boarding house of the girls who worked in his factory. He hired girls because they could do the job as well as men (in textiles, sometimes better), and he didn't' have to pay them as much. He hired only unmarried women because they needed the money and would not be distracted from their work by domestic duties.
682930486	Robert Fulton, steamships	A famous inventor, Robert Fulton designed and built America's first steamboat, the Clermont in 1807. He also built the nautilus, the first practical submarine.
682930487	Samuel F.B. Morse, telegraph	Morse developed a working telegraph, which improved communications.
682930488	Samuel Slater	When he emigrated form England to America in the 1790s, he brought with him the plans to an English factory. With these plans, he helped build the first factory in America.
682930489	Ten-hour movement	Labor unions advocated a 10-hour workday. Previously workers had worked from sun up to sundown.
682930490	"Transportation revolution"	By the 1850s railroad transportation was fairly cheap and widespread. It allowed goods to be moved in large quantities over long distances, and it reduced travel time. This linked city economies together.
682930491	Walker Tariff, 1846	1846-Sponsored by Polk's Secretary of Treasury, Robert J. Walker, it lowered the tariff. It introduced the warehouse system of storing goods until duty is paid.
682930492	Abolitionism	The militant effort to do away with slavery. It had its roots in the North in the 1700s. It became a major issue in the 1830s and dominated politics after 1840. Congress became a battleground between pro and anti-slavery forces form the 1830s to the Civil War.
682930493	American Antislavery Society	Formed in 1833, a major abolitionist movement in the North.
682930494	American Colonization Society	Formed in 1817, it purchased a tract of land in Liberia and returned free Blacks to Africa.
682930495	David Walker, Walker's Appeal	A Boston free black man who published papers against slavery.
682930496	Denmark Vesey	A mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his 37 followers were hanged before the revolt started.
682930497	Frederick Douglass	A self-educated slave who escaped in 1838, Douglass became the best known abolitionist speaker. He edited an antislavery weekly, the North Star.
682930498	Free Soil Party	Formed in 1847-1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.
682930499	Gabriel Prosser	A slave, he planned a revolt to make Virginia a state for Blacks. He organized about 1,000 slaves who met outside Richmond the night of August 30, 1800. They had planned to attack the city, but the roads leading to it were flooded. The attack was delayed and a slave owner found out about it. Twenty-five men were hanged Including Gabriel.
682930500	"King Cotton"	Expression used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the southern cotton industry, and that the North needed the South's cotton. In a speech to the Senate in 1858, James Hammond declared, "You daren't make ware against cotton! ...Cotton is king!"
682930501	Southern mountain whites	Rednecks. Usually poor aspired to be successful enough to own slaves. Hated Blacks and rich Whites. Made up much of the Confederate Army, fighting primarily for sectionalism and states' rights. **?
682930502	Nat Turner's insurrection	1831-Slave uprising. A group of 60 slaves led by Nat Turner, who believed he was a divine instrument sent to free his people, killed almost 60 Whites in South Hampton, Virginia. This led to a sensational manhunt in which 100 Blacks were killed. As a result, slave states strengthened measures against slaves and became more united in their support of fugitive slave laws.
682930503	Personal liberty laws	1780-1861-statutes designed to prevent slave owners from reclaiming slaves who had escaped to the free states. Although Constitution granted owners the right to reclaim runaways, nearly all the free states thwarted them by passing anti-kidnapping and noncooperation laws. Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York, for example, required claimants to obtain search warrants and assured accused blacks of jury trials. In 1842, however this strategy was crippled when the Supreme Court, in Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842), ruled that state laws obstructing the right of slave owners to reclaim slaves was unconstitutional. Undeterred in 1843 Massachusetts passed a new type of personal liberty law, which banned the use of state officials and facilities to catch runaways. Force claimants to rely entirely on federal officials=in short supply. 1850 Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act which required all citizens to help apprehend runaways or face imprisonment and fines. Still Northern states continued to pass laws to protect runaways.
682930504	Sectionalism	Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict.
682930505	Sojourner Truth	Name used by Isabelle Baumfree, one of the best-known abolitionists of her day. She was the first black woman orator to speak out against slavery.
682930506	The Liberator	A militantly abolitionist weekly, edited by William Lloyd Garrison.
682930507	William Lloyd Garrison	A militant abolitionist, he became editor of the Boston publication, the Liberator, in 1831. Under his leadership, The Liberator gained national fame and notoriety due to his quotable and inflammatory language, attacking everything from slave holders to moderate abolitionists, and advocating northern secession.
682930508	36°30' line	According to the Missouri Compromise (1820), slavery was forbidden in the Louisiana territory north of the 36°30' N latitude. This was nullified by the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
682930509	Birth of the Republican Party	A coalition of the Free Soil Party, the Know-Nothing Party and renegade Whigs merged in 1854 to form the Republican party, a liberal, antislavery party. The party's Presidential candidate, John C. Fremont, captured one-third of the popular vote in the 1856 election.
682930510	"Bleeding Kansas" and Lawrence	Also known as the Kansas Border War. Following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, pro-slavery forces from Missouri, known as the Border Ruffians, crossed the border into Kansas and terrorized and murdered antislavery settlers. Antislavery sympathizers from Kansas carried out reprisal attacks, the most notorious of which was John Brown's 1856 attack on the settlement at Pottawatomie Creek. The war continued for 4 years before the antislavery forces won. The violence it generated helped precipitate the Civil War.
682930511	Buchanan and the secession crisis	After Lincoln was elected, but before he was inaugurated, seven Southern states seceded. Buchanan, the lame duck president, decided to leave the problem for Lincoln to take care of.
682930512	California State Admission	Californians were so eager to join the union that they created and ratified a constitution and elected a government before receiving approval from Congress. California was split down the middle by the Missouri Compromise line, so there was a conflict over whether it should be slave or free.
682930513	Chief Justice Roger B. Taney	As chief justice, he wrote the important decision in the Dred Scott case, upholding police power of states and asserting the principle of social responsibility of private property. He was Southern and upheld the fugitive slave laws.
682930514	Compromise of 1850	Called for the admission of California as a free state, organizing Utah and New Mexico with out restrictions on slavery, adjustment of the Texas/New Mexico border, abolition of slave trade in the District of Columbia and tougher fugitive slave laws. Its passage was hailed as a solution to the threat of national division.
682930515	Crittenden Compromise proposal	A desperate measure to prevent the Civil War, introduced by John Crittenden, Senator of Kentucky, in December 1860. The bill offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36°30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves. Republicans, on the advice of Lincoln, defeated it.
682930516	Democratic Party conventions' Baltimore, Charleston	The Democratic Party split North and South. The Northern Democratic convention was held in Baltimore and the Southern in Charleston. Douglas was the Northern candidate and Breckenridge was the Southern (they disagreed on slavery)
682930517	Dred Scott Decision	A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S. Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.
682930518	Election of 1852; end of Whigs	By this time the Whig party was so weakened that the Democrats swept Franklin Pierce into office by a huge margin. Eventually the Whigs became part of the new Republican party.
682930519	Election of 1856	Democrat-James Buchanan (won by a narrow margin) vs. Republican-John Fremont vs. Know-Nothing Party and Whig- Millard Fillmore. First election for the Republican Party. Know-Nothings opposed immigration and Catholic influence. They answered questions from outsiders about the party by saying "I know nothing."
682930520	Election of 1860; candidates, parties, issues	Republican-Abraham Lincoln vs. Democrat- Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Breckenridge (southern democrats) , Constitutional Union-John Bell. Issues were slavery in the territories (Lincoln opposed adding any new slave states).
682930521	Forty-niners	Easterners who flocked to California after the discovery of gold there. They established claims all over northern California and overwhelmed the existing government. Arrived in 1849.
682930522	Freeport Doctrine	During the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Douglas said in his Freeport Doctrine that Congress couldn't force a territory to become a slave state against its will.
682930523	Fugitive Slave Law	Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, which irritated the south to no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.
682930524	George Fitzhugh, Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society	The most influential propagandist in the decade before the civil War. In his Sociology (1854), he said that the capitalism of the North was a failure. In another writing, he argued that slavery was justified when compared to the cannibalistic approach of capitalism. Tired to justify slavery.
682930525	Harriet Tubman	A former escaped slave, she was one of the shrewdest conductors of the underground railroad, leading 300 slaves to freedom.
682930526	Henry Clay	Clay helped heal the North/South rift by aiding passage of the Compromise of 1850, which served to delay the Civil War.
682930527	Hinton Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South	Hinton Helper of North Carolina spoke for poor, non-slave-owning Whites in his 1857 book, which was a violent attack on slavery. It wasn't written with sympathy for Blacks, who Helper despised, but with a belief that the economic system of the South was bringing ruin on the small farmer.
682930528	John Bell	He was a moderate and wanted the union to stay together. After southern states seceded from the Union, he urged the middle states to join the North.
682930529	John Breckinridge	Nominated by pro-slavers who had seceded from the Democratic convention, he was strongly for slavery and states' rights.
682930530	John Brown, Harpers Ferry Raid	In 1859, the militant abolitionist John Brown seized the U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and executed.
682930531	John C. Calhoun	Formerly Jackson's vice-president, later a south Carolina senator. He said the North should grant the South's demands and keep quiet about slavery to keep the peace. He was a spokesman for the South and states' rights.
682930532	John Sutter	A German immigrant who was instrumental in the early settlement of California by Americans, he had originally obtained his lands in Northern California through a Mexican grant. Gold was discovered by workmen excavating to build a sawmill on his land in the Sacramento Valley in 1848, touching off the California gold rush.
682930533	Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854	1854- This act repealed the Missouri Compromise and established a doctrine of congressional nonintervention in the territories. Popular sovereignty (vote of the people) would determine whether Kansas and Nebraska would be slave or free states.
682930534	Lecompton Constitution	The pro-slavery constitution suggested for Kansas' admission to the union. It was rejected.
682930535	Lincoln's "house divided" speech	In his acceptance speech for nomination to the Senate in June, 1858, Lincoln paraphrased from the Bible: "A house divided against it cannot stand." He continued, "I do not believe this government can continue half slave and half free, I do not expect the Union to be dissolved - I do not expect the house to fall - but I do believe it will cease to be divided."
682930536	Lincoln-Douglas debates	A series of seven debates. The two argued the important issues of the day like popular sovereignty, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won these debates, but Lincoln's position in these debates helped him beat Douglas in the 1860 presidential election.
682930537	Nashville Convention	Meeting twice in 1850, its purpose was to protect the slave property in the South.
682930538	Ostend Manifesto	The recommendation that the U.S. offer Spain $20 million for Cuba. It was not carried through in part because the North feared Cuba would become another salve state.
682930539	Panic of 1857	Began with the failure of the Ohio Life Insurance Company and spread to the urban east. The depression affected the industrial east and the wheat belt more than the South.
682930540	Popular sovereignty	The doctrine that stated that the people of a territory had the right to decide their own laws by voting. In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, popular sovereignty would decide whether a territory allowed slavery.
682930541	Pottawatomie massacre	John Brown led a party of six in Kansas that killed 5 proslavery men. This helped make the Kansas border war a national issue.
682930542	Republican Party; 1860 platform, supporters, leaders	1860 platform: free soil principles, a protective tariff. Supporters: anti-slavers, business, agriculture. Leaders: William M. Seward, Carl Chulz.
682930543	Stephen A. Douglas	A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.
682930544	Sumner-Brooks affair	1856-Charles Sumner gave a two day speech on the Senate floor. He denounced the South for crimes against Kansas and singled out Senator Preston A. (Andrew) Brooks for extra abuse. Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him. Sumner was the first Republican martyr.
682930545	Uncle Tom's Cabin; (Harriet Beecher) Stowe	She wrote the abolitionist book, Uncle Tom's Cabin. It helped to crystallize the rift between the North and the South. It has been called the greatest American propaganda novel ever written, and helped to bring about the Civil War.
682930546	Underground railroad	A secret, shifting network which aided slaves escaping to the North and Canada, mainly after 1840.
682930547	Webster's 7th of March speech	Daniel Webster, a Northerner and opposed to slavery, spoke before Congress on March 7, 1850. During this speech, he envisioned that the legacy of the fugitive slave laws would be to divide the nation over the issue of slavery.
682930548	Border States	States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.
682930549	Bull Run	At Bull Run, a creek, Confederate soldiers charged Union men who were en route to besiege Richmond. Union troops fled back to Washington. Confederates didn't realize their victory in time to follow up on it. First major battle of the Civil War- Both sides were ill-prepared.
682930550	Clara Barton	Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field.
682930551	Congressman Clement L. Vallandigham	An anti-war Democrat who criticized Lincoln as a dictator, called him "King Abraham." He was arrested and exiled to the South.
682930552	Conscription draft riots	The poor were drafted disproportionately, and in New York in 1863, they rioted, killing at least 73 people.
682930553	Copperheads	Lincoln believed that anti-war Northern Democrats harbored traitorous ideas and he labeled them "Copperheads," poisonous snakes waiting to get him.
682930554	Election of 1864; candidates, parties	Lincoln ran against Democrat General McClellan. Lincoln won 212 electoral votes to 21, but the popular vote was much closer. (Lincoln had fired McClellan from his position in the war).
682930555	Emancipation Proclamation	September 22, 1862-Lincoln freed all slaves in the states that had seceded, after the northern victory at the Battle of Antietam. Lincoln had no power to enforce the law.
682930556	Financing of the war effort by the North and South	The North was much richer than the South, and financed the war through loans, treasury notes, taxes and duties on imported goods. The south had financial problems because they printed their Confederate notes without backing them with gold or silver.
682930557	Fort Sumter	Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina had seceded form the Union, and had demanded that all federal property in the state be surrendered to state authorities. Major Robert Anderson concentrated his units at Fort Sumter, and, when Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861, Sumter was one of only two forts in the South still under Union control. Learning that Lincoln planned to send supplies to reinforce the fort, on April 11, 1861, confederate General Beauregard demanded Anderson's surrender, which was refused. On April 12, 1861, the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort, which surrendered on April 14, 1861. Congress declared the war on the Confederacy the next day.
682930558	Grant, McClellan, Sherman, Meade	Union Generals in the Civil War.
682930559	"continuous voyage"	This concept involves the idea that a voyage intended for an enemy port, regardless of the number of stops made before arrival in the port, contains contraband. During the Civil War the Union embraced this idea, seizing ships traveling from England to the West Indies with the final destination of Confederate ports.
682930560	Jefferson Davis, Alexander Stephens	Davis was chosen as president of the Confederacy in 1861. Stephens was vice-president.
682930561	Lee, Jackson	General Robert E. Lee and General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson were major leaders and generals for the Confederacy. Best military leaders in the Civil War.
682930562	Monitor and the Merrimac	First engagement ever between two iron-clad naval vessels. The two ships battled in a portion of the Chesapeake Bay known as Hampton Roads for 5 hours on March 9, 1862, ending in a draw. Monitor-Union vs. Merrimac-Confederacy. Historians use the name of the original ship Merrimac on whose hull the Southern ironclad was constructed, even thought he official confederate name for the ship was the CSS Virginia.
682930563	North's advantages in the Civil War	Larger number of troops, superior navy, better transportation, overwhelming financial and industrial reserves to create munitions and supplies, which eventually outstripped the South's initial material advantage.
682930564	Northern blockade	Starting in 1862, the North began to blockade the Southern coast in an attempt to force the South to surrender. The Southern coast was so long that it could not be completely blockaded.
682930565	Republican legislation passed in Congress after Southerners left	Banking, tariff, homestead, transcontinental railroad. With no southerners to vote them down, the Northern Congressmen passed all the bills they wanted to. Led to the industrial revolution in America.
682930566	South's advantages in the Civil War	Large land areas with long coasts, could afford to lose battles, and could export cotton for money. They were fighting a defensive war and only needed to keep the North out of their states to win. Also had the nation's best military leaders, and most of the existing military equipment and supplies.
682930567	Suspension of habeas corpus	Lincoln suspended this writ, which states that a person cannot be arrested without probable cause and must be informed of the charges against him and be given an opportunity to challenge them. Throughout the war, thousands were arrested for disloyal acts. Although the U.S. Supreme Court eventually held the suspension edict to be unconstitutional, by the time the court acted the Civil War was nearly over.
682930568	Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Antietam, Appomattox	Battle sites of the Civil War. Gettysburg- 90,000 soldiers under Meade vs. 76,000 under Lee, lasted three days and the North won. Vicksburg - besieged by Grant and surrendered after 6 months. Antietam-turning point of the war and a much-needed victory for Lincoln Appomattox- Lee surrendered to Grant.