APUSH 2013: Terms 1-161 Flashcards
The first and hardest terms test.
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| 662773858 | Columbus, reasons | Italian seafarer that persuaded Spanish monarchs to fund exploration for alternate route to India=landed on the Bahamas October 12, 1492 | |
| 662773859 | Spanish Armada, 1588 | Created by King Phillip II of Spain-self proclaimed foe of Protestant Reformation=> "Invincible Armada" that tried to invade England=>Protestant Wind crippled his fleet, defeated armada marked beginning of the end of the Spanish empire | |
| 662773860 | Anne Hutchinson, antinomianism | Preached idea that God communicated directly to individuals vs. through elders; 1637 forced to leave Mass. | |
| 662773861 | Cambridge Agreement | 1629-Puritan stockholders of Massachusetts Bay Colony agreed to move to New England in return for control of the colonies government | |
| 662773862 | Church of England | The national church of England founded by Henry VII incorporating protestant and catholic ideals. | |
| 662773863 | Congregational church, Cambridge Platform | The church was founded by separatists who thought the Church of England was too catholic. Their platform stressed morality over church dogma. | |
| 662773864 | Contrast Pilgrims and Puritans | Pilgrims were separatists with the Church of England who fled England and settled at Plymouth; Puritans were non-separatists who wanted to purify the Church of England-got right to settle in Massachusetts Bay colony from King | |
| 662773865 | Contrast Puritan colonies and others | Puritan colonies were self-governed; each town led people in Puritan beliefs; only those who were full members of the church/received grace could vote/hold office; Other colonies had varying governments/more open to other beliefs | |
| 662773866 | Covenant Theology | Puritan teachings emphasized biblical covenants-God's covenants with Adam, Noah; covenant of grace through Christ with man | |
| 662773867 | Dominion of New England | 1686-British combined Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Connecticut into a single province-ended 1692 when colonists revolted | |
| 662773868 | Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | First constitution written in America that set up a government in the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, Wethersfield) | |
| 662773869 | Harvard founded | 1636-college following puritan beliefs founded by a grant from the Massachusetts general court | |
| 662773870 | John Winthrop, his beliefs | 1629-governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony=zealous Puritan; opposed democracy believing in rule by the elite few; 1643-helped organize New England Confederation and served as its first president | |
| 662773871 | King Philip's war | Battles in New Hampshire (New England) between colonists and Wompanowogs led by chief "King Philip"=Metacom-war started when Massachusetts government tried to assert jurisdiction over Indians Colonists won with help of Mohawks=more land for expansion | |
| 662773872 | Massachusetts Bay colony | 1629-King Charles gave Puritans the right to settle a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area=political freedom/representative government | |
| 662773873 | Mayflower Compact | 1620-the first agreement of self-government in America-signed by 41 men on the Mayflower and set up the Plymouth colony | |
| 662773874 | New England Confederation, 1643 | 1643-formed to defend the New England colonies and for a court to settle intercolonial disputes | |
| 662773875 | Puritan migration | Many puritans migrated to the colonies in 1630s/1640s=Massachusetts Bay colony grew 10X | |
| 662773876 | Roger Williams, Rhode Island | 1635-left Massachusetts Bay colony, buying land from local Indians, and found Rhode Island=only colony to offer complete religious freedom | |
| 662773877 | Separatists, Non-separatists | Non-separatists (Puritans included) wanted to reform the church; Separatists (Pilgrims included) didn't think the Anglican church could be reformed so they started a new one | |
| 662773878 | Sir Edmund Andros | Governor of the Dominion of England from 1686 to 1692 until he was forced to leave | |
| 662773879 | Thomas Hooker | Clergyman/a founder of Hartford; called the "father of American democracy" because promoted that people should choose magistrates | |
| 662773880 | William Bradford | Pilgrim-second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657; developed private landownership and helped colonists out of debt; helped colony survive droughts, crop failures, Indians | |
| 662773881 | Bacon's Rebellion | 1676-Nathanael Bacon and other west Virginians were angry at Virginia Governor Berkeley for trying to appease Doeg Indians after Doeg attacks on western settlements;-formed army under Bacon, defeating Indians, burning Jamestown; rebellion ended when Bacon died of disease | |
| 662773882 | Carolinas | 1665-Charles II granted the land to pay off debt to some supporters=>headrights/representative government to attract colonists----south got rich off ties with sugar islands by supplying rice----poorer north composed of farmers=>split into North/South | |
| 662773883 | Culpeper's Rebellion | The Alpemark colony led a rebellion against its English Governor Thomas Miller led by Culpeper-crushed but Culpeper was acquitted | |
| 662773884 | Georgia: reasons, successes | 1733-Formed as a buffer between the Carolinas and Spanish Florida—military style colony that was a haven for the poor, criminals, and persecuted protestants | |
| 662773885 | Headright system | Headrights were parcels of land of about 50 acres given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. Used by Virginia Company to attract colonists. | |
| 662773886 | House of Burgesses | 1619-Virginia House of Burgesses formed, -first legislative colonial body in America that would later by adopted by other colonies | |
| 662773887 | James Oglethorpe | Founder/governor of the Georgia colony=>tightly disciplined/military style colony that forbade alcohol/Catholicism/slaves Colonists thought he was like a dictator/disliked not having slaves=colony break down and the loss of his power | |
| 662773888 | John Locke, Fundamental Constitutions | British political theorists who wrote the Fundamental Constitution for the Carolinas colony that was never put into effect; would have set up a feudalistic government with an aristocracy that owned most of the land | |
| 662773889 | John Rolfe, Tobacco | One of the first settlers of Jamestown who discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export=>Virginia economically successful colony | |
| 662773890 | John Smith | Helped found and govern Jamestown-leadership/discipline helped Jamestown get through first winter | |
| 662773891 | Joint stock company | Company made up of a group of shareholders; Shareholders contribute money to the company and receive some of the profits/debts | |
| 662773892 | Slavery begins | 1619-First African slaves in America arrive in the Virginia colony | |
| 662773893 | Staple crops in the South | Tobacco was grown in Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina Rice was grown in South Carolina and Georgia Indigo was grown in South Carolina | |
| 662773894 | Virginia: purpose, problems, failures, successes | Virginia was formed by the Virginia Company for profit; Starvation was a major problem-90% of colonists died the first year; many survivors left; company had trouble attracting more colonists Offered private land ownership to the colonists but the company went bankrupt=>colony to the crown Only successful after colonists started a tobacco economy | |
| 662773895 | 1701 Frame of Government | The Charter of Liberties set up the government of the Pennsylvania colony=representative government/ allowed countries to form their own colonies | |
| 662773896 | Benjamin Franklin | Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, and Founding Father-one of the few Americans highly respected in Europe primarily for his discoveries in electricity | |
| 662773897 | Crops in the middle colonies | Produced staple crops=esp. corn/grain | |
| 662773898 | Five Nations | Federation of tribes of northern New York=the Mohawk, Oneida, Senecca, Onondaga, Cayuga Also known as the Iroquois/League of Five Nations-Tuscarora added as 6th nation in 1720 Most powerful/efficient Indian organization in the 1700s Ideas from its constitution used in US constitution | |
| 662773899 | Holy Experiment | William Penn's term for the government of Pennsylvania which was to serve/provide freedom for all | |
| 662773900 | John Bartram | America's first botanist; traveled through the frontier collecting specimens | |
| 662773901 | Liberal land laws in Pa | William Penn allowed anyone to emigrate to Pennsylvania to provide a haven for persecuted religions | |
| 662773902 | New York and Philadelphia as urban centers | New York became an urban center due to its harbor/rivers=center for trade Philadelphia was a center for trade and crafts, attracted large # of immigrants, by 1720 it had a population of 10,000 -capital of Pennsylvania from 1683-1799 As urban centers both cities were pivotal in the revolution | |
| 662773903 | New York: Dutch, 1664 English | New York belonged to the Dutch but King Charles II gave the land to his brother, the Duke of York in 1664. When the English came to take the land, the Dutch who hated governor Stuyvesant quickly surrendered. | |
| 662773904 | Patron system | Patronships were offered to individuals who managed to build a settlement of at least 50 people within 4 years. Few were able to accomplish this | |
| 662773905 | Pennsylvania, William Penn | 1681-William Penn got a land grant from King Charles II and used it to form a colony to provide a Quaker haven. His colony would allow religious freedom. | |
| 662773906 | Peter Stuyvesant | Governor of Dutch New Amsterdam and hated by colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on 9/8/1664 | |
| 662773907 | Deism | Religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Believed that God created the world but then left it to run according to its laws. Denied that God communicated to man/influenced his life | |
| 662773908 | George Whitefield | Credited with starting the Great Awakening and also the leader of the "New Lights." | |
| 662773909 | Great Awakening | Puritanism was declining in the 1730s upsetting people with the decline of religious piety. Awakening was an outbreak of sudden religious fervor. One of the first events to unify the colonies. | |
| 662773910 | Huguenots | French Protestants. The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in France but it was revoked in the late 1700s=hundreds of thousands of them fled to other countries including America | |
| 662773911 | Jonathan Edwards, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, A Careful and Strict Enquiry into That Freedom of Will | Part of the Great Awakening, Edwards gave gripping sermons about sin and the torments of hell | |
| 662773912 | Lord Baltimore | Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew members of his own religion-Catholicism would be a minority in the new country | |
| 662773913 | Maryland Act of Toleration | Act of Religious Toleration-1649-Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a protestant was made governor at the demand of population=guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians | |
| 662773914 | Old Lights, New Lights | "New Lights" were new religious movements formed during the Great Awakening and broke away from congregational church in New England "Old Lights" were the established congregational church | |
| 662773915 | PA, MD, RI, founders | Founders established churches Pennsylvania: Founded by William Penn., a Quaker, to provide protection for Quakers.Maryland: Formed as a colony where Catholics would be free form persecution Rhode Island: formed to be a haven for all persecuted religions | |
| 662773916 | SPG, Society of the Propagation of the Gospel | Group that worked to spread Christianity to other parts of the world through missionaries in the late 1800s | |
| 662773917 | William Tennent | Strong Presbyterian minister and leader during the Great Awakening. Founded a college for the training of Presbyterian ministers in 1726. | |
| 662773918 | Admiralty courts | British courts established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which the British sometimes tried criminals in the colonies with. Just a judge, no jury | |
| 662773919 | Consignment system | One company sells another company's products and gives them most of the profits but keeps a percentage (commission) for itself | |
| 662773920 | Currency Act, 1751 (In MA) | Act that applied only to Massachusetts, attempt to ban the production of paper money in Massachusetts, but defeated in Parliament | |
| 662773921 | Currency Act, 1764 (All the colonies) | Act that applied to all colonies that banned the paper money to combat the inflation caused by Virginia's decision to pull itself out of debt by issuing more paper money | |
| 662773922 | Mercantilism | Economic policy of Europe in the 1500s through 1700s. The government exercised control industry and trade with the idea that national strength and economic security comes from exporting more than what is imported. Colonies provided for raw materials and markets. Britain exported goods and forced the colonies to buy them. | |
| 662773923 | Merchants/markets | A market is the area or group of people that need a product. Merchants took goods from the colonies to other areas of the world and the colonies also served as a market for other goods. | |
| 662773924 | Molasses Act, 1733 | British legislation that taxed all molasses, rum and sugar that the colonists imported from non-British sources. Angered New England which imported a lot of its molasses form the Caribbean as part of Triangular Trade. Hard to enforce and largely ignored. | |
| 662773925 | Navigation Acts of 1650, 1660, 1663, 1696 | British regulations that taxed goods imported from non British sources/ sought to control colonial trade Increased British-colonial trade and tax revenues Reinstated after the French and Indian war to pay off debts and cost of maintaining a standing army in the colonies | |
| 662773926 | North and South economic differences | The north had ports to trade with Britain and it also had small farms worked by the family. The South was mostly agricultural and with a slave aristocracy | |
| 662773927 | Triangular trade | The backbone of the New England economy during the colonial period. Ships sailed to Africa trading rum for slaves, then sailed to the Caribbean (middle passage) where the slaves were traded for molasses and sugar which was returned to New England to produce more rum. | |
| 662773928 | Poor Richard's Almanac | First published in 1732, written by Ben Franklin and filled with witty observations/common sense advice-most popular almanac in the colonies | |
| 662773929 | Ann Bradstreet | A puritan/first colonial poet to be published. Poetry about family, home, religion. | |
| 662773930 | Indentured servants | Those who could not afford passage to the colonies traded their servitude for a period of time (usually 7 years) for passage to the colonies | |
| 662773931 | Phillis Wheatley | An African domestic and colonial poet. Known for ornate and elaborate poetry. | |
| 662773932 | Primogeniture, entail | First two British legal doctrines governing the inheritance of property. Primogeniture required a mans property pass to his eldest son. Entail required property to be left to his direct descendents (usually sons), not to persons outside of the family | |
| 662773933 | Salem witch trials | Trials dealing with witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presides as judge. 18 people were | |
| 662773934 | "Salutary neglect" | Prime Minister Robert Wapole's policy in dealing with the American colonies=concerned with mainly British affairs and thought that unrestricted trade with the colonies would be more profitable | |
| 662773935 | Board of Trade (Privy Council) | Advisers to the king who regulated trade during the 1600s and 1700s | |
| 662773936 | Colonial agents | Representatives sent to England during the 1600s and 1700s linking the colonies to England | |
| 662773937 | Habeas Corpus Act, 1679 | Based on the British Writ of Habeas that allowed for a person to contest the legality of his arrest/confinement=>imposed strict penalties on judges that refused to issue a write of habeas corpus when there was good cause, and officers that failed to comply with the writ | |
| 662773938 | John Locke, his theories | English political theorist who's ideas inspired the American Revolution=all human beings have the right to life, liberty, and property, and that government existed to protect those rights. Believed in an unwritten "social contract" that gave the right for citizens to rebel if the government failed to uphold its end of the deal. | |
| 662773939 | John Peter Zenger trial | Published articles critical of British governor William Cosby, was taken to trial=>found not guilty=>precedent for the freedom of the press in the colonies | |
| 662773940 | Magna Carta, 1215 | Document drawn up by nobles under King John that limited the power of the king=>influenced American Constitution | |
| 662773941 | Petition of Rights, 1628 | A document drawn up by Parliament's House of Commons listing grievances against King Charles I and extending Parliament's powers while limiting the king's. It gave Parliament authority over taxation, declared that free citizens could not be arrested without cause, declared that soldiers could not be quartered in private homes without compensation, and said that martial law cannot be declared during peacetime. | |
| 662773942 | Proprietary, charter, and royal colonies | Proprietary colonies founded by individual proprietary company or an individual and controlled by proprietors. Charter companies were founded by a government charter and granted to a company or group of people. British government had some control of these colonies. Royal (crown) colonies were under the complete control of the British government. | |
| 662773943 | The Enlightenment | Philosophical movement of 1700s that stressed reason and the scientific method=>focus on government, science, ethics over imagination, emotion, religion=>many were deists | |
| 662773944 | Town meetings | Purely democratic form of government of the colonies-most prevalent in New England local government=towns voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, pass laws | |
| 662773945 | Albany Plan of Union, Ben Franklin | Written by Ben Franklin during the French and Indian war-proposed for a unified colonial government that would operate under the British government | |
| 662773946 | Changes in land claims of 1689, 1713, 1763 | The British controlled the colonies on the east coast, the French held the land around the Mississippi/west of it, and both claimed Canada and the Ohio Valley region -King William's War (1689-1697) and Queen Anne's War (1702-1713) resulted in the British capturing Port Royal in Acadia after much guerilla warfare -Peace of Utrecht in 1713 rewarded British with Acadia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay -Peace of Paris (1763) resulted British control of Canada | |
| 662773947 | Differences between French and British colonization | British settled on the East Coast where they started farms, towns, and governments; whole families usually emigrated; little interaction with Indians except to fight French colonized the interior and controlled the fur trade; mostly single men; few towns with loose government; lived closely with Indians trading with them and sometimes taking Indian wives | |
| 662773948 | Fort Pitt, Fort Duquesne | Fort Duquesne was a principal French outpost in the Ohio Valley=>1754 troops there destroyed British Fort Necessity after Washington/colonial army surrendered there=>1758 Fort Necessity rebuilt as Fort Pitt by the British | |
| 662773949 | French and Indian War, Seven years War, Great War for Empire | Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley in Canada. Algonquins fearing British expansion allied with the French along with the Mohawks. The rest of the Iroquois allied with the British. Colonies fought under British commanders. The British one gaining French possessions in Canada/India. Spain, ally of France, ceded Florida to Britain but received Louisiana in return. | |
| 662773950 | General Braddock | Commander in the French and Indian war for the British. Killed/army defeated at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Second in command George Washington temporarily led British troops after he was killed. | |
| 662773951 | Pontiac's Rebellion | 1763-Indian rebellion after 7 years war led by Ottawa chief Pontiac=>opposed British expansion into the Ohio Valley, destroying forts=ended with death of Pontiac | |
| 662773952 | Proclamation of 1763 | Proclamation of the British government that forbade settlement beyond Appalachian Mountains requiring settlers already living in the West to move back East. | |
| 662773953 | Queens Anne's War (Spanish Succession) | Second of 4 wars known generally as the French and Indian wars, arose after unresolved issues from King William's War and part of larger European conflict=War of Spanish Succession. The British allied with the Netherlands to defeat the Spanish/French gaining territory in Canada despite defeats in most of military operations in North America. | |
| 662773954 | Treaty of Paris, 1763 | Treaty that ended the 7 years war. The French lost Canada, the land east of the Mississippi and some Caribbean islands and India to Britain. French also gave Louisiana and the land East of the Mississippi to Spain in compensation for Florida. | |
| 662773955 | War of Jenkins's Ear | Land Squabble between Spain/Britain over Georgia and trading rights. Battles in the Caribbean and the Florida/Georgia border. | |
| 662773956 | William Pitt | British secretary of state during the French and Indian war. Brought British colonial army under tight British control/drafted colonists=riots | |
| 662773957 | Battle of Bunker Hill | Continental army fortifications at Breed's Hill north of Boston were taken by General Gage after in three attempts=ended any hope of a quick victory with the colonists/heavy losses | |
| 662773958 | Boston Massacre, 1770 | British troops hated for working for low wages/taking jobs. March 4, 1770 British soldiers fired into a crowd after having rocks/snowballs thrown at them=anti British sentiment | |
| 662773959 | Boston Port Act | One of the Coercive Acts, which shut down Boston Harbor until it repaid the East India Company for lost tea. | |
| 662773960 | Boston Tea Party, 1773 | Boston, boycotting British tea in protest of the Tea Act=>colonists disguised as Indians on December 16, 1773 snuck on board ships and dumped the tea fearing unloading | |
| 662773961 | Carolina Regulators | Western frontiersmen who rebelled in 1768 against high taxes imposed by the Eastern Colonial government of North Carolina | |
| 662773962 | Coercive Acts | Intolerable Acts, Repressive Acts: Acts in response to the Boston Tea part: Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government act-disbanded Boston Assembly; Quartering Act, Administration of Justice Act-removed power of courts to arrest royal officers | |
| 662773963 | Committee on Independence: Jefferson, Ben Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, Bob Livingston | Committee formed to draft statement of reasons for independence=>led to declaration of independence | |
| 662773964 | Committees of correspondence | Began as groups of private citizens in Rhode Island, New York, Massachusetts who in 1763 began circulating info about opposition to British trade restrictions. First government organized committee in 1764 in Massachusetts. Other colonies followed suit to exchange info/organize protest | |
| 662773965 | Continental Association | Created by the First Continental Congress=>enforced non-importation of British goods by empowering Committees of Vigilance to fine/arrest violators=pressure for Coercive Acts | |
| 662773966 | Crispus Attucks | First to die in the Boston Massacre: martyrdom | |
| 662773967 | Declaration of Independence | Signed by the Second Continental congress on July 4, dissolved all ties with England, declared colonists to be an independent nation, listed grievances against the king | |
| 662773968 | Declaratory Act, 1766 | After the repeal of the Stamp Act; this act declared that Parliament had the authority to externally/internally tax the colonies and had absolute power over legislatures | |
| 662773969 | External taxes | Taxes on activities originating from outside of the colonies-Sugar Act-many who objected to internal taxes were ok with it | |
| 662773970 | First Continental Congress, 1774 | Met to discuss Parliament's policies with New York for refusing to quarter troops, Boston for its tea party, and Virginia Assemblies=>rejected unified colonial government; called for Declaration of Rights, resolved to prepare militias, Continental Association to enforce new non importation agreement via Committees of Vigilance=>Colonies declared in rebellion | |
| 662773971 | Galloway Plan | First Continental Congress scheme to create an American parliament appointed by Colonial legislatures=defeated | |
| 662773972 | Gaspee incident | June 1772-British customs ship Gaspée ran ashore=>burned by colonists=>colonists tried in Britain=>colonial outrage/spread of committees of correspondence | |
| 662773973 | George III | 1760-King of England-reigned during Revolution | |
| 662773974 | George Washington | Led troops in French/Indian War-not very successful; Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army | |
| 662773975 | Governor Thomas Hutchinson of Mass. | Royal Governor of Massachusetts from 1771-1774 1773-refused to comply with demands to prohibit East India Company ship from unloading cargo=>Tea party=>fled to England | |
| 662773976 | Grenville's program | Prime Minister=>1764 Sugar Act/1765 Stamp Act to reduce cost of maintaining troops in America | |
| 662773977 | Internal taxes | Tax on internal colony activities-stamp act-many felt that Parliament had no authority for it | |
| 662773978 | James Otis | Colonial lawyer that defended colonial merchants accused of smuggling=argued against writs of assistance/stamp act | |
| 662773979 | John Adams | Massachusetts lawyer/politician who believed in colonial independence=>argued against the stamp act and was involved in patriot groups, urged second continental congress to declare independence, helped draft/pass Declaration of Independence, later served as president | |
| 662773980 | John Locke, Second Treatise of Government | Humans have the right to life, liberty and property and government was to protect those rights. Rejected "Divine Right" and believed in a social contract | |
| 662773981 | Lexington and Concord, April 19, 1775 | Gage ordered to arrest Adams/Hancock=>march on Lexington where there was believed to be a colonial weapons cache; Colonial militia fired on at Lexington; Colonial militia encounter at Concord drove British into retreat to Boston=beginning of war | |
| 662773982 | Lord North | Prime minister from 1770 to 1782-repealed Townshend acts but went along with George III's repressive policies despite personal objections; wanted an early peace and resigned after defeat | |
| 662773983 | Massachusetts Circular Letter | Letter written in Boston and circulated through the colonies in February, 1768=>urged colonies not to import goods taxed by Townshend Acts=>followed by Virginia Circular Letter in May=>all colonial legislatures that didn't rescind it were ordered dissolved | |
| 662773984 | Massachusetts Government Act | Coercive act-members of the Massachusetts assembly would no longer be elected and instead by appointed by the king=>colonists elected own legislature which met in interior of the colony | |
| 662773985 | Natural rights philosophy | Proposed by John Locke=humans had the right to life, liberty, property | |
| 662773986 | Non-importation | Colonial movement to protest Stamp Act by not importing British goods | |
| 662773987 | Olive Branch Petition | July 8, 1775-final colonial offer for peace proposing loyalty in return for address of grievances; rejected by Parliament | |
| 662773988 | Patrick Henry | Orator who gave speeches against Britain/urging independence; proposed "state of defense" in Virginia in 1775, instrumental in causing bill of rights to be adopted in the constitution | |
| 662773989 | Paul Revere, William Daws | Rode through countryside warning militia of approaching British prior to Lexington and Concord | |
| 662773990 | Paxton Boys | Mob of Pennsylvania frontiersmen led by the Paxtons=massacred non hostile Indians | |
| 662773991 | Quartering Act | March 24, 1765-Required colonials to provide food, lodging and supplies for British troops in the colonies | |
| 662773992 | Quebec Act | Recognized Catholic church in Quebec-some colonists took it as a sign of British enforced Catholicism in the colonies | |
| 662773993 | Repeal of the Townshend Acts, except tea tax | 1770-Lord North repealed Townshend Acts except tax on tea | |
| 662773994 | Sam Adams | Massachusetts politician=helped organize Sons of Liberty and Non-Importation Commission that protested Townshend Acts, believed to have led the Boston Tea Party, served in Continental Congress during the revolution | |
| 662773995 | Second Continental Congress | Met in 1776-drafted/signed Declaration of independence | |
| 662773996 | Sons of Liberty | Radical political organization formed after the stamp act in 1765, incited riots, burned customs houses where British paper was kept, after the repeal of the Stamp Act=>local chapters=>Committees of Correspondence | |
| 662773997 | Stamp Act | March 22, 1765-part of Grenville's measures that required all legal/official documents to be written on special/stamped British paper=>riots/non-importation agreements=>repeal | |
| 662773998 | Stamp Act Congress, 1765 | October 7-24, 1765-27 delegates from 9 colonies met and drew up a list of declaration/petitions against new taxes | |
| 662773999 | Suffolk Resolves | Agreed to by delegates form Suffolk colony, Massachusetts, approved by First Continental Congress on October 8, 1774 -Nullified the Coercive Acts, closed royal courts, ordered taxes to be paid to colonial not royal governments; prepped local militias | |
| 662774000 | Sugar Act, 1764 | Part of Grenville's revenue program=>replaced Molasses act of 1733=lowered taxes but adopted provisions for strict enforcement; created vice-admiralty courts; made it illegal to buy goods from non-British Caribbean colonies | |
| 662774001 | Tea Act; East India Company | Gave East India Company a monopoly on tea trade, made it illegal for colonists to buy non British tea, tea tax of 3 cents/pound | |
| 662774002 | The Association | Military organization formed by Benjamin Franklin=formed fighting units in Pennsylvania and erected 2 batteries on the Delaware River | |
| 662774003 | Thomas Paine, Common Sense | British citizen who wrote Common Sense-1/1/1776-encouraged colonies to seek independence, spoke out against British/instrumental in turning the tide of opinion | |
| 662774004 | Townshend Acts, reaction | Revenue measures passed by Townshend in 1767-taxed quasi-luxury items imported into colonies-paper, lead, paint, tea=outrage/movement to stop importing British goods | |
| 662774005 | Vice-admiralty courts | British tried colonists with judge but no jury | |
| 662774006 | Virginia Resolves | May 30, 1765-Patrick Henry speech that condemned the British for taxes/policies=proposed 7 resolves to show Virginia's resistance=5 adopted=8 colonies adopted similar resolves | |
| 662774007 | Writs of assistance | Search warrants issued by the British government=allowed officials to enter homes to search for smuggled goods/enlist colonials for help=could be used anywhere at any time with no proof | |
| 662774008 | Abigail Adams | Wife of John Adams=wrote letters to husband describing life on the home front and urged John to remember women in the creation of the government | |
| 662774009 | Articles of Confederation; powers, weaknesses successes | Most of powers to individual states-federal government power over war, foreign policy, issuing money Weaknesses=little unity Success-settlement of western land claims with Northwest Ordinance | |
| 662774010 | Benedict Arnold | Key victories for colonies in upstate New York 1777, instrumental in victory at Saratoga, 1780 caught plotting to surrender West Point to British for commission in Royal Army | |
| 662774011 | Disestablishment, VA Statute of Religious freedom | 1779-Written by Thomas Jefferson=outlawed established church and called for a separation of Church and State | |
| 662774012 | Edmund Burke | Conservative British politician who sympathized with colonists, opposed early feminist movements | |
| 662774013 | French Alliance of 1778, reasons for it | French wanted to weaken Britain by causing a loss of colonies; persuaded by victory at Saratoga | |
| 662774014 | George Rogers Clark | May, 1798-frontiersmen who helped remove Indians from Illinois territory | |
| 662774015 | John Paul Jones | Naval officer who managed to board/control the British Serapis after his own ship, the Bonhomme Richard, was sunk | |
| 662774016 | Lafayette | Marquis de Lafayette was a French Major general who aided the colonies | |
| 662774017 | Major battles: Saratoga, Valley Forge | -1777-British general John Burgoyne attacked south from Canada along Hudson Valley in hopes of linking with General Howe=cutting colonies in half=>defeated by General Horatio Gates on 10/17/1777=surrendered entire British army of the north -Valley forge was not a battle but the site where the Continental Army camped form 1777-1778=many deaths but allowed for defense of Continental congress if necessary | |
| 662774018 | New State constitutions | Constitutions adopted by states that gave most of the power to legislatures/almost none to the executive=mostly ineffective with squabbling | |
| 662774019 | Social impact of the war | First antislavery groups, abolishment of slavery in much of the north, Women gained status=valued as mothers of future patriots | |
| 662774020 | Treaty of Paris, 1783; Negotiators | Recognized independence of Colonies=granted land from south of Canada to north of Florida/Atlantic coast to Mississippi | |
| 662774021 | Yorktown, Lord Cornwallis | Cornwallis trapped at Yorktown on the Chesapeake Bay-no reinforcements due to DeGrasse=>surrender and end to major fighting on October 19, 1781 |