Chp 55(Behavioral Biology Flashcards
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| 359686169 | Syrinx | Bird's vocal cord | |
| 359686170 | Adaptive Value | any trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce under a given set of environmental conditions | |
| 359686171 | Physiology | processes and functions of an organism | |
| 359686172 | Ontogeny | the process of an individual organism growing organically | |
| 359686173 | Phylogeny | the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms | |
| 359686174 | Adaptive Significance | how behavior influences an organism's chances of survival and reproduction in its natural environment | |
| 359686175 | Ethology | Study of behavior | |
| 359686176 | Innate Behavior | a behavior that is influenced by genes and does not depend on learning | |
| 359686177 | Key Stimulus(Sign Stimulus) | signal that begins repetitive pattern of behavior | |
| 359686178 | Innate Releasing Mechanism | a postulated neural mechanism that triggers an innately organized motor program. | |
| 359686179 | Fixed Action Pattern | A sequence of behavioral acts that is essentially unchangeable and usually carried to completion once initiated. | |
| 359686180 | Mandibular Motor Neuron | Fastest Neuron Identified | |
| 359686181 | Serotonin | neurotransmitter that affects sleep, arousal, mood, appetite; lack of it is linked with depression. Can influence aggression | |
| 359686182 | Dopamine | A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system. | |
| 359686183 | Behavioral Genetics | Contribution that heredity makes to behavior | |
| 359686184 | Monoamine Oxidases(MAO's) | an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of many body compounds (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine and serotonin) | |
| 359686185 | Habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation | |
| 359686186 | Classic Conditioning(Pavlovian Conditioning) | Paired presentation of two different kinds of stimuli causes the animal to form an association between the stimuli | |
| 359686187 | Operant Conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher | |
| 359686188 | Instinctive Behavior | an innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species. | |
| 359686189 | Imprinting | a learning process in early life whereby species specific patterns of behavior are established | |
| 359686190 | Filial Imprinting | social attachments between parent and offspring | |
| 359686191 | Genetic Template | instinctive program which guides animals behavior, genetic | |
| 359686192 | Brood Parasites | manipulation and use of host individuals either of the same or different species to raise the young | |
| 359686193 | Cognitive Behavior | thinking, reasoning and processing information to understand complex concepts and solve problems | |
| 359686194 | Behavioral Ecology | Study of how natural selection shapes behavior, adaptive significance of behavior | |
| 359686195 | Optimal Foraging Theory | The basis for analyzing behavior as a compromise of feeding costs versus feeding benefits, anticipating that animals will attempt to maximize energy obtained as a function of time and/or eneergy spent | |
| 359686196 | Territoriality | A behavior in which an animal defends a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals, usually of its own species. | |
| 359686197 | Reproductive Strategy | pattern of behavior arrive at thorough evolutionary selection that favors the chances of survival for the offspring | |
| 359686198 | Mate Choice | mate chosen on basis of some variable characteristic (ex. Coloration, behavior)-more later on sexual selection | |
| 359686199 | Parental Investment | what each gender has to invest, in terms of time, energy, survival risk, and missed opportunities, to produce and nurture offspring | |
| 359686200 | Sexual Selection | A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates. | |
| 359686201 | Intrasexual Selection | A direct competition among individuals of one sex (usually the males in vertebrates) for mates of the opposite sex. | |
| 359686202 | Intersexual Selection | Selection whereby individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from individuals of the other sex; also called mate choice. | |
| 359686203 | Secondary Sex Characteristics | nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair | |
| 359686204 | Sperm Competition | competition between the sperm from two or more males fo fertilize the eggs of a signle female during one reproductive cycle. | |
| 359686205 | Sexual Dimorphism | A special case of polymorphism based on the distinction between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females. | |
| 359686206 | Handicap Hypothesis | females can assess quality of a male by his ability to survive, despite potentially harmful traits --> females invest more in offspring than males | |
| 359686207 | Sensory Exploitation | A theory of sexual selection that posits that females may initially prefer male traits that elicit the greatest amount of stimulation from their sensory systems. | |
| 359686208 | Polyandry | One female mates with more than one male | |
| 359686209 | Monogamy | One male mates with one female | |
| 359686210 | Polygyny | One male mates with more than one female | |
| 359686211 | Altrical offspring | Require prolonged and extensive parental care | |
| 359686212 | Precocial offspring | Require little parental care | |
| 359686213 | Extra-pair copulations | pairing with mates other than the territory owner (cheating) | |
| 359686214 | Altruism | Behavior that benefits another individual at a cost to the actor | |
| 359686215 | Reciprocal Altruism | behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future | |
| 359686216 | Kin Selection | the idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one's close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes | |
| 359686217 | Inclusive Fitness | The sum of an individual's own reproductive success plus the effects the organism has on the reproductive success of related others. | |
| 359686218 | Eusocial | organism population in which the role of each organism is specialized and not all of the organisms will reproduce | |
| 359686219 | Haplodiploidy | sex determined by number of chromosome sets; males are haploid and females are diploid | |
| 362319701 | Proximate Causation | How it works(Ex. How a Bird forms songs) | |
| 362319702 | Ultimate Causation | Why did it evolve?(Ex. Evolutionary Significance) | |
| 379567930 | Sensitization | Increased responsiveness to a stimulus | |
| 379567931 | Critical Period | an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development | |
| 379567932 | Taxis | Movement toward or away from a stimulus | |
| 379567933 | Kineses | Increase in general activity level due to increased stimulus intensity | |
| 379567934 | Migrations | Long-range, two-way movements |