Chp 56(Ecology of individuals and populations) Flashcards

362131740	Homeostasis	process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
362131741	Allen's Rule	states that endotherms from colder climates usually have shorter limbs (or appendages) than the equivalent animals from warmer climates.
362131742	Population	a group of organisms of the same species populating a given area
362131743	Population Range	The difference between the upper and lower population quartiles.
362131744	Random Spacing	individuals do not interact strongly with one another; not common in nature
362131745	Uniform Spacing	behavioral interactions; resource competition
362131746	Clumped Spacing	The most common pattern of dispersion, with individuals aggregated in patterns of favorable conditions
362131747	Metapopulations	A network of distinct populations that interact with one another by exchanging individuals.
362131748	Source-Sink Metapopulations	the theory that proposes that populations existing in better habitats (source) serve to bolster populations in poorer areas (sink)
362131749	Demography	Study of populations
362131750	Generation Time	Average interval between the birth of an individual and the birth of its offspring
362131751	Cohort	Group of individuals of the same age
362131752	Fecundity	Number of offspring produced in a standard time
362131753	Mortality	the ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area
362131754	Age Structure	proportion of people in different age groups in a population
362131755	Life Table	an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population
362131756	Mortality Rate	the number of deaths per thousand
362131757	Survivorship	Percentage of the original population that survives to a given age
362131758	Survivorship Curve	Graph showing the number of survivors in different age groups for a particular species.
362131759	Cost of Reproduction	the total physical and energetic costs of reproduction, including nest or territory defense, mating, and producing and raising young.
362131760	Semelparity	A life history in which adults have but a single reproductive opportunity to produce large numbers of offspring, such as the life history of the Pacific salmon; also known as big-bang reproduction.
362131761	Iteroparity	A life history in which adults produce large numbers of offspring over many years; also known as repeated reproduction.
362131762	Biotic Potential	Rate at which a population of a given species increases when no limits are placed on its rate of growth
362131763	Carrying Capacity	Maximum amount of individuals an environment can support
362131764	Sigmoidal Growth Curve	an S-shaped pattern of population growth, with population size leveling off at the carrying capacity of the environment.
362131765	Density-Dependent Population Factors	competition for resources, territoriality, disease, predation, toxic wastes, intrinsic (physiological) factors
362131766	Density-Independent Population Factors	Natural Disasters, Weather
362131767	Density Dependent Effects	the population rates increase or decreases based on the population size
362131768	Allee Effect	Growth rates increasing with population increases(Endangered Species/Isolated Species/Manifest Destiny)
362131769	Density-Independent Effects	the population rates increase or decrease is limited by something other than population size
362131770	K-Selected	Populations adapted to thrive when near the carrying capacity
362131771	R-Selected	Resources high, selection favors individuals with high reproductive rates
362131772	Population Pyramid	A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
362131773	Ecological Footprint	A way of measuring how much of an impact a person or community has on the earth. Someone who uses more natural resources will have a bigger footprint than someone who uses less.