APES Friedland and Relyea Ch.17 Flashcards

324567077	Disease	an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning
324567078	Infectious Diseases	diseases that are caused by infecting organisms; they can be passed from person to person
324567079	Chronic Diseases	generally long-lasting afflictions now more common because of higher life expectancies
324567080	Acute Diseases	develop rapidly, cause severe symptoms, and fade quickly
324567081	Epidemic	a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease
324567082	Pandemic	an epidemic that is geographically widespread
324567083	Plague	an easily spread disease causing a large number of deaths
324567084	Malaria	a disease caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the blood
324567085	Tuberculosis	infection transmitted by inhalation or ingesting a bacterium
324567086	Emergent Infectious Diseases	infectious diseases that were previosuly not described or have not been common for at least the prior 20 years
324567087	Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome	a serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles
324567088	Human Immunodeficiancy Virus	viruses that cause AIDS also contain RNA.
324567089	Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever	a severe and often fatal disease in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys and chimpanzees) caused by the Ebola virus
324567090	Mad Cow Disease	a fatal disease of cattle that affects the central nervous system
324567091	Prions	infectious protein particles that do not have a genome
324567092	Bird Flu	viruses infect birds, chickens, and other wild foul; caused by H5N1
324567093	West Nile Virus	infection is transmitted by mosquitoes and is relatively new to the United States and can cause flu-like symptoms that can result in encephalitis
324567094	Neurotoxins	toxic substances, such as lead or mercury, that specifically poison nerve cells
324567095	Carcinogens	Substances and agents that are known to cause cancer
324567096	Mutagens	factors in the environment that cause mutations
324567097	Teratogens	chemicals or other factors that specifically cause abnormalities during embryonic growth and development
324567098	Allergens	substances that activate the immune system
324567099	Endocrine Disruptors	chemicals that disrupt normal hormone functions
324567100	Dose-response Studies	a study that exposes organisms to difierent amounts of a chemical and then observes a variety of possible responses, including mortality or changes in behavior or reproduction
324567101	Acute Studies	an experiment that exposes organisms to an environmental hazard for a short duration
324567102	LD50	the amount of a chemical that kills 50% of the animals in a test population
324567103	Sublethal Effects	damage caused by pesticides other than death; alter genes (mutations), alter behavior/learning
324567104	ED50	the point at which 50 percent of the test organisms show a negative effect from a toxin.
324567105	Chronic Studies	the object of long term testing is to determine the no effect level.
324567106	Epidemiology	the branch of medical science dealing with the transmission and control of disease
324567107	Retrospective Studies	studying participants with a disease and tracing behaviors to determine cause
324567108	Prospective Studies	look ahead to see if risk factors from retrospective study predict tendency to develop disease
324567109	Synergistic Interactions	an interactive effect that is more than or different from the simple sum of their constituent parts
324567110	Routes of Exposure	way in which an individual might come in contact with a chemical
324567111	Solubility	the quantity of a particular substance that can dissolve in a particular solvent
324567112	Biomagnification	accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain
324567113	Persistence	how long a chemical remains in the enviroment
324567114	Enviromental Hazard	is anything in our enviroment that can harm
324567115	Innocent-until-proven-guilty Principle	a principle based on the philosophy that a potential hazard should not be considered an actual hazard until the scientific data definitively demonstrate that it actually causes harm
324567116	Precautionary Principle	when a threat is of serious environmental damage, we should not wait for scientific proof before taking action
324567117	Stockholm Convention	government agency in the Department of Labor to maintain a safe and healthy work environment EPA can track the checmicals being produced in the U.S.
324567118	REACH	acronym for Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and restriction of Chemicals