APES Friedland and Relyea Ch.20 Flashcards

331698030	Economics	the branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management
331698031	Genuine Progress Indicator	An economic indicator that attempts to differentiate between desirable and undesirable economic activity
331698032	Technology Transfer	The communication of specific plans, designs, or educational programs necessary for the use of new technologies from one society or class to another.
331698033	Leapfrogging	involves developing nations bypassing earlier technologies, enabling those nations to adopt more advanced technologies
331698034	Microlending	Small loans made to the individual farmers and merchants who would not otherwise have access to credit
331698035	Natural Capital	the natural resources and natural services that keep us and other species alive and support out economies
331698036	Human Capital	the skills and knowledge gained by a worker through education and experience
331698037	Manafactured Capital	Items such as machinery, equipment and factories made from natural resources
331698038	Market Failure	a situation in which the market does not distribute resources efficiently
331698039	Enviromental Economics	A subfield of economics that examines costs and benefits of various policies and regulations related to environmental degradation
331698040	Ecological Economics	Application of ecological insights to economic analysis; incorporating ecological principles and priorities into economic accounting systems.
331698041	Valuation	an appraisal of the value of something
331698042	Enviromental Worldview	How people think the world works, what they think their role in the world should be, and what they believe is right and wrong environmental behavior (environmental ethics).
331698043	Stewardship	responsibility for conserving and restoring the Earth's resources for future generations
331698044	Anthropocentric	human-centered
331698045	Biocentric	life-centered: also a theory of moral responsibility stating that all forms of life have an inherent right to exist and that humanity is not the center of existence.
331698046	Ecocentric	self centered
331698047	United Nation	Created in 1945 to help nations solve problems peacefully.
331698048	United Nations Enviromental Programme	gathers enviromental information and conducting research and assessing enviromental problems
331698049	World Bank	a United Nations agency created to assist developing nations by loans guaranteed by member governments
331698050	World Health Orginization	improve human health by monitoring and assessing health trends and providing medical health
331698051	United Nations Development Programme	provides countries with assistance to encourage environmentally sustainable development
331698052	Enviromental Protection Agency	Covers air and water pollution, noise, pesticides, solid waste, radiation and toxic substances.
331698053	Occupational Safety and Health Administration	a government agency in the Department of Labor to maintain a safe and healthy work environment
331698054	Department of Energy	the federal department responsible for maintaining a national energy policy of the United States
331698055	Human Development Index	Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy
331698056	Human Poverty Index	H.P.I.; index based on information about life expectancy, literacy, and living standards.
331698057	Command-and-Control Approach	an approach that involves the government imposing quantitative limits on the amount of pollution firms are allowed to emit or requiring firms to install specific pollution control devices.
331698058	Incentive-based Approach	constructs financial and other incentives for lowering emissions based on profits and benefits
331698059	Green Tax	a fiscal policy that lowers taxes on income, including wages and profit, and raises taxes on consumption, particularly the unsustainable consumption of non-renewable resources.
331698060	Triple Bottom Line	A business strategy that includes social, economic, and environmental criteria.