Chapter 6 - Classical Conditioning Flashcards
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667286337 | What is learning? | Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. | |
667286339 | What does learning do? | Helps all animals, especially humans, adapt to their environments. | |
667286341 | What is classical conditioning? | A type of learning in which we learn to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. | |
667286343 | What is associative learning? | Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). | |
667286345 | What is a stimulus? | Any event or situation that evokes a response. | |
667286347 | What is operant conditioning? | A type of learning in which we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence, and thus to repeat acts followed by good results and avoid acts followed by bad results. | |
667286349 | What is observational learning? | Learning by observing others and their experiences. | |
667286350 | By conditioning and by observation we humans _______ and ________ to our environments. | learn, adapt | |
667286352 | What are neutral events? (Pavlov's experiments) | Unrelated stimuli that the dog could see or hear. | |
667286353 | What is an unconditioned response? | In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth. | |
667286354 | What is an unconditioned stimulus? | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers a response. | |
667286355 | What is a conditioned response? | In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but not conditioned) stimulus. | |
667286356 | What is a conditioned stimulus? | In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response. | |
667286357 | What did Pavlov's work do? | -Laid the foundation for behaviorism -Psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes | |
667286358 | What are the five major conditioning processes? | Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Generalization, and Discrimination | |
667286359 | Why is classical conditioning biologically adaptive? | Because it helps humans and other animals prepare for good or bad events. | |
667286360 | What is acquisition in classical conditioning? | The initial stage, when we link a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. | |
667286361 | What is extinction in classical conditioning? | The weakening of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus. | |
667286362 | What is acquisition in operant conditioning? | The strengthening of a reinforced response. | |
667286363 | What is extinction in operant conditioning? | The weakening of a response when it is no longer reinforced. | |
667286364 | What is spontaneous recovery? | The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditional response. | |
667286365 | What is generalization in classical conditioning? | The tendency, after conditioning, to respond similiarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus. | |
667286366 | What is discrimination in classical conditioning? | The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli. | |
667286367 | What is behaviorism? | The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). | |
667286368 | Who was John B. Watson? | One of many psychologists who built on Pavlov's work and (like Pavlov) rejected "mentalistic" concepts (such as consciousness) that referred to inner thoughts, feelings, and motives. | |
667286369 | What did Pavlov and Watson underestimate? | -Cognitive Processes -Biological Constraints | |
667286370 | What iare cognitive processes? | Our thoughts, perceptions, and expectations. | |
667286371 | What are biological constraints? | The observation that certain behaviors are more easily learned by some organisms than by others. | |
667286372 | What is Pavlov's greatest contribution to psychology? | Isolating elementary behaviors from more complex ones through objective scientific procedures. | |
667286373 | What did Watson do? | He used classical conditioning procedures to develop advertising campaigns for a number of organizations, including Maxwell House, making the "coffee break" an American custom. |