Enlightenment Flashcards

574466882	Enlightenment	"man's leaving his self-caused immaturity"; motto: "Dare to know! Have the courage to use your own intelligence!"
574466883	Bayle	Protestant; attacked superstition, religious intolerance, and dogmatism
574466885	Montesquieu	Charles de Secondat; Spirit of the Laws; praised England for its separation of powers; executive, legislative, and judicial provided greatest freedom and security to a state; influenced American philosophes who used his ideas in the U.S. Constitution
574466888	John Locke	Essay Concerning Human Understanding: rejected Descartes idea of innate ideas; everyone is born with a tabula rasa: blank mind; knowledge is derived from our environment; people are molded by their experiences and environmet
574466891	Voltaire	Philosophic Letters on the English: admired English's freedom of press, political freedom and religious toleration; criticized absolutist France and lack of freedom of though and religious tolerance
574466893	Deism	created by Voltaire; a religious outlook built on the Newtonian world-machine,that existence of a mechanic (God) who had created the universe; God has no direct involvement in the world he has created and allows it to run on its own natural laws; Jesus was not divine
574466895	Denis Diderot	attacked Christianity; wrote the Encyclopedia with the purpose to "change the general way of thinking"; criticized French society; prices were reduced making it available to doctors, teachers, lawyers, etc. which helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment
574466897	David Hume	Treatise of Human Nature; observation and reflection of human life would help the understanding of human nature which would form the "science of man"
574466899	Quesnay	leader of the Physiocrats; believed agricultural production was main source of wealth but rejected mercantilism emphasis on money as primary wealth; individuals should be free to pursue their own economic self-interest
574466901	laissez-faire	created by Quesnay and the Physiocrats; government should not be involved in economy; "let people do as they choose"
574466904	Adam Smith	The Wealth of Nations attacked mercantilism and supported laissez-faire; supported use of tariffs to protect home industries; laid foundation for economic liberalism
574466906	Baron Paul d'Holbach	preached doctrine of strict atheism and mercantilism; System of Nature: everything in the universe consisted of matter in motion; God was a product of the human mind and was unnecessary for leading a moral life
574466908	Marie-Jean de Condorcet	Progress of the Human Mind: written during Reign of Terror; humans had progressed through nine stages of history, tenth stage is the one of perfect
574466911	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	Social Contract: individual liberty with governmental authority; an entire society to be governed by its general will; liberty was achieved through being forced to follow what was best for all people
574466913	Rousseau's Emile	Enlightenments most important works on education; education should foster a child's natural instinct rather than restrict it; balance between heart and mind, sentiment and reason; women were mothers rather than intellectuals
574617712	Mary Wollstonecraft	founder of modern feminism; Vindication of the Rights of Women: women have reason and therefore should have equal rights with men in education and in economic and political life
574617713	Marie-Therese de Geoffrin	creator salons that welcomed philosophes to discuss ideas of the Enlightenment and helped spread the ideas
574617714	Antoine Watteau	Rococo artistic views were apparent in his work as he viewed aristrocratic lifestyle as refined, sensual, civilized but the element of sadness was portrayed as well
574617715	Rococo	emphasized grace and gentle action; rejected strict geometrical patterns and had a fondness for curves; high secular; lightness and charm spoke of the pursuit of pleasure, happiness, and love
574617716	Jacques-Louis David	neoclassical artist wanting to recapture dignity and simplicity of Classical style of ancient Rome and Greece; Oath of the Horatii: re created scene from Roman history where three Horatius brothers swore oath before father proclaiming their willingness to sacrifice their lives for their country
574617717	Johann Sebastian Bach	music worshipped God; Mass in B Minor; his task in life was to make "well-ordered music in the honor of God"
574617718	Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart	child prodigy; greatest operas were Marriage of Figaro, Magic Flute, and Don Giovanni; composed with ease of melody and blend of grace, precision, and emotion that no one else has achieved
574617719	Edward Gibbon	Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: Christianity as the major reason for Rome's eventual collapse; by reflecting on the decline and fall of Rome, his hope for the future of European civilization remained optimistic
574617720	Cesare Beccaria	On Crimes and Punishment: punishments should not serves as exercises in brutality; opposed capital punishment for it was an example of barbarism; imprisonment made a lasting impression