The Reformation Flashcards

569697735	Christian humanism	northern humanists; preoccupied with religion; focused on early Christian writings; through education, true inner piety would bring about a reform of the church; supported schools, brought out new editions of the classics, and prepared new editions of the Bible and writings
569697736	The Praise of the Folly	Desiderius Erasmus: born in Holland; most influential Christian humanist; educated at Brothers of a Common Life school; criticized corrupt practices: abuses within the ranks of the clergy; his emphasis on education did not achieve the reform of the church he wanted
569697737	Thomas More	Utopia: "nowhere"; 1516, account of idealistic life; cooperation and reason replaced power and fame; More rejected reign of King Henry VIII and so he was beheaded
569697738	pluralism	high church officials took more than one church job to increase their revenues
569697739	absenteeism	church officeholders ignored duties and hired underlings who sometimes were unqualified for job
569697740	sacraments	Catholic's chief means of receiving God's grace; confession was one of the most important sacraments
569697741	Martin Luther	German; became a monk after surviving storm; focused on assurance of salvation: faith alone; justification becomes main doctrine of Protestant Reformation; faith and bible= twin pillars of Protestant Reformation
569697742	indulgences	Luther's disagreement with the use of indulgences: faith and good works
569697743	Johann Tetzel	Dominican salesman hired by Pope Leo X to see indulgences to people as a "ticket" to Heaven; finances of indulgences went to construction of St. Peter's Basilica; "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory sings."
569697744	Ninety-Five Theses	Luther's argument against the sale of indulgences, nailed them to church door in Wittenberg; thousands of copes of German translations were sold and Germans supported Luther's dissatisfaction with papacy.
569697745	Edict of Worms	Luther is made outlaw within the empire by Charles V; Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony, takes Luther into hiding in Wartburg
569697746	Peasants' War	peasants were frustrated with papacy because they had not been benefited by the economy; peasants held religious revolt with Martin Luther as their leader but Luther did not support
569697747	transubstantiation	Luther denied Catholic doctrine: bread and wine when consumed transform into the body and blood of Jesus; Luther emphasized that real presence of Jesus's body and blood in the bread and wine are give as a testament to God's forgiveness of sin
569697748	priesthood of all believers	Luther denied priesthood since all Christians who followed the word of God were their own priests
569697749	Charles V	emperor of the Holy Roman Empire: Austrian Habsburg lands, Bohemia, Hungary, the Low Countries, and Naples; wanted to preserve Catholic faith within his empire; could not prevent spread of Lutheranism
569697750	Peace of Augsburg	end of religious warfare in Germany 1555; division of Christianity was acknowledged as Lutheranism and Catholicism; German ruler got to determine the religion of his subjects
569697751	Ulrich Zwingli	Swiss; influenced by Christian humanism; began Reformation in Switzerland; Zurich= supported Zwingli; all paintings and decorations were removed from church; Mass was replaced by liturgy; killed in battle and body was cut up into pieces and burned
569697752	Marburg Colloquy	Zwingli attempted to bring Luther and German reformers to form an alliance; they agreed on everything except the Lord's Supper; Zwingli believed Lord's Supper was meal of remembrance and that there was no body present
569697753	Anabaptists	radical Protestant group; spiritual rebirth led to baptism as an adult; complete separation of church and state; all believers were equal; suffer for faith; Munster: city of uprising of Anabaptists that determined Dutch Anabaptism
569697754	millenarianism	the end of the world was at hand and the kingdom of God was their only safe haven; Munster= New Jerusalem
569697755	Henry VIII's wives	divorces with wives caused him to start Church of England and English Reformation;
569697756	Act of Supremacy	1534: Parliament complete break of Church of England with Rome; king was "taken, accepted, and reputed the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England"; monarch controlled matters of doctrine, clerical, and discipline
569697757	Book of Common Prayer	revised Protestant liturgy created by Parliament during Edward's reign
569697758	Edward VI	son of Henry; came to throne at age 9; during his reign, Archbishop Cranmer instituted right of clergy to marry, eliminations of images, and creation of Book of Common prayer
569697759	"Bloody Mary"	Catholic Mary has more than three hundred Protestants burned; England becomes more Protestant after her reign
569697760	John Calvin	theologian and organizer of Protestant revolution; influenced by Luther; justification by faith, "decent and godly life", and baptism and communion are the only ways to salvation; Lords Supper: spiritual presence of Jesus
569697761	predestination	God has predestined some people to be saved (the elect) and others to be damned (the reprobate)
569697762	Geneva	Calvin created Ecclesiastical Ordinances: church government is both clergy and laymen; Geneva became a center of Protestantism
569697763	Catholic Reformation	Counter-Reformation: aimed to stop spread of Protestantism
569697764	Saint Teresa of Avila	Spanish Catholic mystic; visions led her to have an active life of service; founded Carmelite nuns
569697765	Ignatius Loyola	founded Society of Jesus or Jesuits; prepared for his lifework of being a solider of God by prayer, pilgrimages, going to school, and working out a spiritual program in his book, Spiritual Exercises
569697766	Jesuits	pursued highly disciplined schools, propagation of the Catholic faith among non-Christians; carry Catholic banner and fight Protestantism
569697767	Pope Paul III	continued nepotism; made commission's report in 1537 that blamed church's problems on the corrupt policies of popes and cardinals
569697768	Council of Trend	summoned by Pope Paul III; to resolve religious differences caused by Protestant revolt; traditional Catholic teachings were affirmed over Protestant teachings
569697769	Huguenots	French Calvinsts; 40-50% of french nobilty became Huguenots, including house of Bourbon; Huguenots were political threat to monarchical power
569697770	Saint Batholomew's Day	duke of Guise, extreme Catholic party, massacred Huguenots in August 1572 at marriage of sister of Valois king, Cahrles IX and Henry of Navarre
569697771	Edict of Nantes	Henry of Navarre issued edict in 1598; Catholicism is the official religion of France but Huguenots had the rights to worship and be protected
569697772	Phillip II	greatest advocate of militant Catholicism; "Most Catholic King"; wanted to make Spain dominate power in Europe but the large debts and use of military in defense of Catholicism ended his attempt
569697773	the Netherlands	17 provinces; prospered through commerce and textile industry; revolted against Phillip II and William of Orange unified all 17 provinces
569697774	Union of Utrecht	William of Orange forms Protestant union to oppose Spanish rule
569697775	Elizabeth I	Queen of England after Mary's death; daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; religious policy was based on moderation and compromise; used title "supreme head of the church" but restored Catholic church with Act of Uniformity; Puritans and Catholics opposed religious settlement
569697776	Puritans	Protestants within Anglican Church who were inspired by Calvin and wanted to remove all Catholicism from Church of England
569697777	Spanish Armada	Spanish fleet at sea against England to try and impose Catholicism as main religion; Spanish lost and Protestantism becomes dominant in England