Ch 1 New World Beginnings Flashcards

233875063	Corn or Maize	Staple crop that formed the economic foundation of Indian civilizations.
233875064	Portugal	First European nation to send explorers around the west coast of Africa.
233875065	Horse	Animal introduced by Europeans that changed Indian way of life on the Great Plains
233875066	Treaty of Tordesillas	Treaty that secured Spanish title to lands in Americas by dividing them with Portugal.
233875067	Mestizos	Person of mixed European and Indian ancestry.
233875068	St. Augustine	Founded in 1565, it's the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in US territory
233875069	Black Legend	Belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas while doing nothing good
233875070	Roanoke Island, NC	Colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disappeared in the 1580's.
233875071	Joint-stock	Forerunner of the modern corporation that enabled investors to pool financial capital for colonial ventures.
233875072	Charter	Royal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guaranteeing settlers their rights as English citizens.
233875073	Indentured Servants	Penniless people obligated to forced labor for a fixed number of years, often in exchange for passage to the New World.
233875074	Act of Toleration	Maryland statute of 1649 that granted religious freedom to all Christians, but not Jews and atheists.
233875075	Squatters	Poor farmers in North Carolina and elsewhere who occupied land and raised crops without gaining legal title to the soil
233875076	House of Burgesses	First representative government in New World.
233875077	Ferdinand and Isabella	Financiers and beneficiaries of Columbus's voyages of discovery.
233875078	Cortes	Conqueror of the Aztecs.
233875079	Pizarro	Conqueror of the Incas.
233875080	Dias and DaGama	Portuguese navigators who led early voyages of discovery.
233875081	Columbus	Italian-born explorer who believed he arrived off the coast of Asia rather than on an unknown continent.
233875082	Montezuma	Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors
233875083	Elizabeth I	Unmarried English ruler who led England to national glory.
233875084	Hiawatha	Legendary founder of the powerful Iroquois Confederation
233875085	John Cabot	Italian-born explorer sent by the English to explore the coast of North America in 1498
233875086	Georgia	Founded as a refuge for debtors by philanthropists.
233875087	North Carolina	Colony that was called "a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit".
233875088	Smith and Rolfe	leaders who rescued Jamestown from the "starving time".
233875089	Maryland	Founded as a haven for Roman Catholics.
233875090	Lord Baltimore	Catholic aristocrat who sought to build a sanctuary for his fellow believers.
233875091	South Carolina	Colony that turned to disease-resistant African-American slaves for labor in its extensive rice plantations.
233875092	Raleigh and Gilbert	Elizabethan courtiers who failed in their attempts to found New World colonies.
233875093	Jamestown	Riverbank site where Virginia Company settlers planted the first permanent English colony.
233875094	Cause: The Great Ice Age	Effect: Exposure of a "land bridge" between Asia and North America.
233875095	Cause: Cultivation of Maize (corn)	Effect: Formation of large, sophisticated civilizations in Mexico and South America
233875096	Cause: New sailing technology and desire for spices	Effect: European voyages around Africa and across the Atlantic attempting to reach Asia.
233875097	Cause: Portugal's creation of sugar plantations on Atlantic coastal islands	Effect: Rapid expansion of the African slave trade
233875098	Cause: Columbus's first encounter with the New World	Effect: A global exchange of animals, plants, and diseases.
233875099	Cause: Native Americans' lack of immunity to various diseases	Effect: Decline of 90% in the New World Indian population
233875100	Cause: Spanish conquest of larger quantities of New World gold and silver	Effect: Rapid expansion of global economic commerce and manufacturing.
233875101	Cause: Aztec legends of a returning god, Quetzalcoatl	Effect: Cortes' relatively easy conquest of the Aztecs.
233875102	Cause: Spanish need to protect Mexico against French and English encroachment	Effect: Establishment of Spanish settlements in Florida and New Mexico
233875103	Cause: Franciscan friars' desire to convert Pacific coast Indians to Catholicism	Effect: Formation of a chain of mission settlements in California.
233875104	Cause: The English victory over the Spanish Armada	Effect: Enabled England to gain control of the North Atlantic sea-lanes.
233875105	Cause: The English law of primogeniture	Effect: Led many younger sons of the gentry to seek their fortunes in exploration and colonization.
233875106	Cause: The enclosing of English pastures and crop land	Effect: Forced numerous laborers off the land and sent them looking for opportunities elsewhere.
233875107	Cause: Lord DeLa Warr's use of brutal "Irish tactics" in Virginia	Effect: led to the two Anglo-Powhatan wars that virtually exterminated Virginia's Indian population.
233875108	Cause: The English government's persecution of Roman Catholics	Effect: Led Lord Baltimore to establish Maryland.
233875109	Cause: The slave codes of England's Barbados colony	Effect: Became the legal basis for slavery in North America.
233875110	Cause: The introduction of tobacco	Effect: created the economic foundation for most of England's southern colonies.
233875111	Cause: The flight of poor farmers and religious dissenters from planter run Virginia	Effect: Led to the founding of independent minded North Carolina.
233875112	Cause: John Smith's stern leadership in Virginia	Effect: Whipped gold-hungry, nonworking colonists into line.
233875113	Cause: Gorgia's unhealthy climate, restrictions on slavery, and vulnerability to Spanish attacks	Effect: Kept the buffer colony poor and largely unpopulated for a long time.