APUSH chapter 1 Flashcards

ch. 1

440445492	Native Americans; land bridge	The first Americans that divided into hundreds of tribes, spoke different languages, and practiced different cultures; migrated from Asia by crossing a land bridge that connected Siberia and Alaska
440445493	Sioux; Pawnee	Tribes on the Great Plains; lived in small settlements; followed buffalo herds
440445494	Pueblo	Tribe that lived in the Southwest; lived in multistoried buildings in large society; irrigation system
440445495	Adena; Hopewell; Mississippian	Woodland tribes that lived in multistoried buildings; evolved in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys; mound-builders; supported by hunting, fishing, agriculture, permanent settlements
440445496	Iroquois	Tribe that lived in Northeast (present-day New York); large society; formed a political confederacy, the League of the Iroquois (withstood attacks from other tribes/Europeans)
440445497	Mayas	Tribe that built remarkable cities in the rain forests of the Yucatan Peninsula (present-day Guatemala, Belize, and southern Mexico); built a highly organized society, carried on an extensive trade, created calendars
440445498	Incas	Tribe in Peru; had a vast empire; built a highly organized society, carried on an extensive trade, created calendars
440445499	Aztecs	Tribe in central Mexico; had a vast empire; built a highly organized society, carried on an extensive trade, created calendars; capital was Technotitlan, which was equivalent in size and population to the largest cities in Europe
440445500	Renaissance	An era of creative vitality was at its height; rebirth of classical learning and an outburst of artistic and scientific activity
440445501	technology	There was a gradual increase of this and scientific knowledge during the Renaissance era; examples of this are the compass and the printing press
440445502	compass	One of the technological advancements during the Renaissance; adopted from the Chinese by Arab merchants
440445503	printing press	One of the technological advancements during the Renaissance; invented in the 1450's; aided the spread of knowledge across Europe
440445504	Spain; Moors	Roman Catholic Spain had been partly conquered by Muslim invaders, Moors
440445505	Ferdinand and Isabella	Isabella (queen of Castile) and Ferdinand (king of Aragon); defeated the Moors of Granada; united their separate Christian kingdoms, which brought hope and power for European believers in the Roman Catholic faith
440445506	Protestant Reformation	The revolt of Christians several northern European countries against the authority of the pope in Rome; conflict between Catholics and Protestants; a religious motive was added to the political and economic motives for exploration and colonization
440445507	trade	There was an increased trade between European kingdoms and Africa, India, and China resulting from fierce competition along the European kingdoms
440445508	Portugal	Very involved in trade and sponsored many explorers
440445509	Henry the Navigator	Portugal's prince who sponsored many voyages of exploration; succeeded in opening up a long sea route around South Africa's Cape of Good Hope
440445510	nation-states	A country in which the majority of people share both a common culture and common political loyalties toward a central government ; built by monarchs in Spain, Portugal, France, England, and the Netherlands; depended on trade for revenue, and the Church to justify their right to rule
440445511	Christopher Columbus	Italian-born explorer who claimed land and riches for Spain; backed by Isabella and Ferdinand; was looking for a route to Asia, sailed from the Canary Islands, and landed in the Bahamas; voyages were disappointing, but he was the first person to bring permanent interaction between Europeans and Native Americans
440445512	New World	The term given to the land that Christopher Columbus found instead of China and the Indies; this was America
440445513	Amerigo Vespucci	An Italian sailor who America was named after
440445514	papal line of demarcation	The vertical, north-south line that the pope drew on a world map in 1493 to divide land between Portugal and Spain
440445515	Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)	The papal line of demarcation was moved a few degrees to the west in this, giving Spain all lands to the west of the line and Portugal all lands to the east of the line; enabled Portugal to claim Brazil and Spain to claim the rest of the Americas
440445516	Vasco Nunez de Balboa	Journeyed across the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean
440445517	Ferdinand Magellan	Circumnavigated the world
440445518	Hernan Cortes	Conquered the Aztecs in Mexico
440445519	Francisco Pizarro	Conquered the Incas in Peru
440445520	conquistadores	Spanish explorers; brought gold and silver back to Spain from their journeys
440445521	encomienda system	The Spanish turned to this system after seizing several Native American empires; this system gave grants of land and Native Americans (who had to farm and work on the land in return for care provided by their masters) to individual Spaniards
440445522	asiento system	Required the Spanish to pay a tax to their king on each slave they imported to the Americas
440445523	John Cabot	An Italian sea captain who explored the coast of Newfoundland in 1497 for England
440445524	Giovanni de Verrazano	An Italian navigator who looked for a northwest passage leading through the Americas to Asia; explored the east coast for France
440445525	Jacques Cartier	French navigator who explored the St. Lawrence River
440445526	Samuel de Champlain	Established the first permanent French settlement in America, Quebec; nicknamed "Father of New France"
440445527	Father Jacques Marquette	French navigator who explored the upper Mississippi River in 1673 with Louis Jolliet
440445528	Robert de la Salle	French navigator who explored the Mississippi basin, which he named Louisiana after the French king, Louis XIV
440445529	Henry Hudson	An English seaman who sought a northwest passage in the 1600's for the Dutch; claimed New Amsterdam (present-day New York) for the Dutch
440445530	joint-stock company	Pooled the savings of people of moderate means and supported trading ventures that seemed potentially profitable; devised for funding the new colonies
440445531	Father Junipero Serra	Spanish friar who founded missions in Southern California
440445532	Virginia Company; Jamestown	This is a joint-stock company chartered by King James I of England; this established the first permanent English colony in America in Jamestown in 1607
440445533	Captain John Smith	Outstanding leader of Jamestown; helped the colony of Jamestown to survive with his forceful leadership
440445534	John Rolfe; Pocahontas	He established a tobacco industry in Jamestown; helped the colony of Jamestown to survive because of the prosperity of the new variety of tobacco he developed; Pocahontas was his Indian wife
440445535	royal colony	A colony under the control of a king or queen
440445536	Puritans	People who wanted to change the Church of England and wanted to "purify" their church of Catholic influences; King James saw them as a threat and ordered some to be jailed
440445537	Plymouth colony	Established by the Puritans; half of the population perished the first winter but they were helped by friendly Native Americans later on; William Bradford was the leader; fish, furs, and lumber
440445538	Separatists	A group of Puritans who wanted to organize a completely separate church that was independent of royal control; aka Pilgrims
440445539	Pilgrims	The Separatists (branch of the Puritans) who left England in search of religious freedom; first migrated to Holland, but left for America because of economic hardships and cultural differences from the Dutch
440445540	Mayflower	The ship that the Pilgrims were on when they set sail for Virginia in America
440445541	Mayflower Compact	A document that the Pilgrims signed that pledged them to make decisions by the will of the majority; represented both an early form of colonial self-government and an early form of written constitution
440445542	Massachusetts Bay Colony	A group of Puritans (who were not Separatists) gained a royal charter to establish this colony in 1629; populated by the 1,000 Puritans John Winthrop led to Massachusetts and the 15,000 other settlers that migrated out of England because of a civil war
440445543	John Winthrop	Led 1,000 Puritans to the shores of Massachusetts to found many towns (Massachusetts Bay Colony)
440445544	Great Migration	The migration of 15,000 people from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony due to a civil war that broke out in England
440445545	Virginia House of Burgesses	The first representative assembly in America; copied the government in England at that time
440445546	Corn or Maize	Staple crop that formed the economic foundation of Indian civilizations.
440445547	Portugal	First European nation to send explorers around the west coast of Africa.
440445548	Horse	Animal introduced by Europeans that changed Indian way of life on the Great Plains
440445549	Treaty of Tordesillas	Treaty that secured Spanish title to lands in Americas by dividing them with Portugal.
440445550	Mestizos	Person of mixed European and Indian ancestry.
440445551	St. Augustine	Founded in 1565, it's the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in US territory
440445552	Black Legend	Belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas while doing nothing good
440445553	Roanoke Island, NC	Colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disappeared in the 1580's.
440445554	Joint-stock	Forerunner of the modern corporation that enabled investors to pool financial capital for colonial ventures.
440445555	Charter	Royal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guaranteeing settlers their rights as English citizens.
440445556	Indentured Servants	Penniless people obligated to forced labor for a fixed number of years, often in exchange for passage to the New World.
440445557	Act of Toleration	Maryland statute of 1649 that granted religious freedom to all Christians, but not Jews and atheists.
440445558	Squatters	Poor farmers in North Carolina and elsewhere who occupied land and raised crops without gaining legal title to the soil
440445559	House of Burgesses	First representative government in New World.
440445560	Ferdinand and Isabella	Financiers and beneficiaries of Columbus's voyages of discovery.
440445561	Cortes	Conqueror of the Aztecs.
440445562	Pizarro	Conqueror of the Incas.
440445563	Dias and DaGama	Portuguese navigators who led early voyages of discovery.
440445564	Columbus	Italian-born explorer who believed he arrived off the coast of Asia rather than on an unknown continent.
440445565	Montezuma	Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors
440445566	Elizabeth I	Unmarried English ruler who led England to national glory.
440445567	Hiawatha	Legendary founder of the powerful Iroquois Confederation
440445568	John Cabot	Italian-born explorer sent by the English to explore the coast of North America in 1498
440445569	Georgia	Founded as a refuge for debtors by philanthropists.
440445570	North Carolina	Colony that was called "a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit".
440445571	Smith and Rolfe	leaders who rescued Jamestown from the "starving time".
440445572	Maryland	Founded as a haven for Roman Catholics.
440445573	Lord Baltimore	Catholic aristocrat who sought to build a sanctuary for his fellow believers.
440445574	South Carolina	Colony that turned to disease-resistant African-American slaves for labor in its extensive rice plantations.
440445575	Raleigh and Gilbert	Elizabethan courtiers who failed in their attempts to found New World colonies.
440445576	Jamestown	Riverbank site where Virginia Company settlers planted the first permanent English colony.
440445577	Cause: The Great Ice Age	Effect: Exposure of a "land bridge" between Asia and North America.
440445578	Cause: Cultivation of Maize (corn)	Effect: Formation of large, sophisticated civilizations in Mexico and South America
440445579	Cause: New sailing technology and desire for spices	Effect: European voyages around Africa and across the Atlantic attempting to reach Asia.
440445580	Cause: Portugal's creation of sugar plantations on Atlantic coastal islands	Effect: Rapid expansion of the African slave trade
440445581	Cause: Columbus's first encounter with the New World	Effect: A global exchange of animals, plants, and diseases.
440445582	Cause: Native Americans' lack of immunity to various diseases	Effect: Decline of 90% in the New World Indian population
440445583	Cause: Spanish conquest of larger quantities of New World gold and silver	Effect: Rapid expansion of global economic commerce and manufacturing.
440445584	Cause: Aztec legends of a returning god, Quetzalcoatl	Effect: Cortes' relatively easy conquest of the Aztecs.
440445585	Cause: Spanish need to protect Mexico against French and English encroachment	Effect: Establishment of Spanish settlements in Florida and New Mexico
440445586	Cause: Franciscan friars' desire to convert Pacific coast Indians to Catholicism	Effect: Formation of a chain of mission settlements in California.
440445587	Cause: The English victory over the Spanish Armada	Effect: Enabled England to gain control of the North Atlantic sea-lanes.
440445588	Cause: The English law of primogeniture	Effect: Led many younger sons of the gentry to seek their fortunes in exploration and colonization.
440445589	Cause: The enclosing of English pastures and crop land	Effect: Forced numerous laborers off the land and sent them looking for opportunities elsewhere.
440445590	Cause: Lord DeLa Warr's use of brutal "Irish tactics" in Virginia	Effect: led to the two Anglo-Powhatan wars that virtually exterminated Virginia's Indian population.
440445591	Cause: The English government's persecution of Roman Catholics	Effect: Led Lord Baltimore to establish Maryland.
440445592	Cause: The slave codes of England's Barbados colony	Effect: Became the legal basis for slavery in North America.
440445593	Cause: The introduction of tobacco	Effect: created the economic foundation for most of England's southern colonies.
440445594	Cause: The flight of poor farmers and religious dissenters from planter run Virginia	Effect: Led to the founding of independent minded North Carolina.
440445595	Cause: John Smith's stern leadership in Virginia	Effect: Whipped gold-hungry, nonworking colonists into line.
440445596	Cause: Gorgia's unhealthy climate, restrictions on slavery, and vulnerability to Spanish attacks	Effect: Kept the buffer colony poor and largely unpopulated for a long time.