Renaissance Test Review Flashcards
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| 496719131 | Medici Family | -wealthy family of bankers from Florence -ultimately gained control of Florence and surrounding cities because of their influence | |
| 496719132 | Cosimo de Medici | -took control of oligarchy in Florence -dominated city through lavish patronage and careful courting of political allies | |
| 496719133 | Lorenzo de Medici | -"Lorenzo the Magnificent" -grandson of Cosimo -well-rounded, Renaissance man -improved Florence with art | |
| 496719134 | Humanism (classical) | -Greco-Roman view that man has unlimited potential because God gave him ability to reason -man at center, but still religious | |
| 496719135 | Individualism | -high regard for human dignity/worth -man is created in God's image -art focused on one human -"man can do all things if they will"-Alberti | |
| 496719136 | Humanism (Christian) | -focused on Hebrew/Greek texts of the Bible -faith over reason -God at center -man created in God's image | |
| 496719137 | Scientific Naturalism | -glorified nature and nude humans | |
| 496719138 | Secularism | -apart from the church -Greek gods -portraits | |
| 496719139 | Donatello (David) | -first free standing nude statue since Greco-Roman times [individualism, classical humanism, sci. naturalism] |  |
| 496719140 | Boticelli (Birth of Venus) | -included Venus, Flora,Zephyr -Venus' birth, standing up nude [secularism, classical humanism, sci. naturalism] |  |
| 496719141 | Boticelli (Allegory of Spring) | -included Mercury blowing away reason, Flora, Venus standing in the middle, Cupid, Zephyr, and Chastity [secularism, classical humanism, sci. naturalism] | |
| 496719142 | Quattrocentro | -Florentine Renaissance -center of Italy -economy based on woolens and banking -people highly educated -Duomo is the center of Italy [Donatello, Ghiberti, Giotto, Cimabue, Massaccio, Botacelli, etc.] | |
| 496759342 | Petrarch | -Father of Humanism/Italian Renaissance -characterized Middle Ages as a period of darkness -led a quest for forgotten Latin manuscript | |
| 496759343 | Dante | -author of Divine Comedy -reflected the darkness and death of Middle Ages | |
| 496759344 | Bocaccio | -wrote the Decameron, describing the reactions to the Black Plague | |
| 496759345 | Renaissance | 1327-1527 -focus on life instead of after life -wealth more desired than poverty -rejuvenation of Classical literature -cause of Renaissance: wealth of northern Italian cities -Florence: first city of the Ren. | |
| 496759346 | Italy during Renaissance | -no political unity, divided into city states -ruling courts were centers of wealth and art | |
| 496759347 | Castiglione | -wrote the Courtier -a 'how to' book on being a courtier -emphasized the Renaissance man: a well-rounded man | |
| 496759348 | Vergerio | -composed most influential writings on education -wrote a letter on the liberal arts (Concering Character) | |
| 496759349 | Vasari | -famous for writing about artists - wrote Lives of the Artists, where he described work ethics of artists and discussed the Mona Lisa | |
| 496759350 | Valla | -Italian humanist | |
| 496759351 | Machiavelli | -wrote The Prince, a 'how to' guide on being a great ruler -wanted to unite Italy -"it is better to be feared than loved" -his idea of a perfect ruler is Cesare Borgia | |
| 496759352 | Thomas More | -wrote Utopia (means "Nowhere") -a devout Catholic -leader in the counter-reformation -did not recognize Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn: executed in the Tower of London -later canonized by a pope | |
| 496759353 | Cinquecentro | -"second renaissance" based in Rome [Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Buonarotto] | |
| 496759354 | Leonardo Da Vinci (Mona Lisa) | -Mona Lisa: "my lady" (wife of an Italian count) [sci. naturalism, individualism] |  |
| 496759355 | Leonardo Da Vinci (Last Supper) |  | |
| 496759356 | Michelangelo (David) | [sci. naturalism, individualism, classical humanism] |  |
| 496759357 | Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel Ceiling) |  | |
| 496759358 | Michelangelo (Moses) |  | |
| 496759359 | Michelangelo (The Last Judgement) |  | |
| 496759360 | Michelangelo (St. Peter's Dome) |  | |
| 496759361 | Raphael (School of Athens) | -painting split into two categories: the mathmeticians and the natural scientists [secularism, classical humanism] |  |
| 496759362 | Italian City-States | -Milan (largest population), Venice (stable gvmt), Florence (ruled by Medici fam), Papal States (owned by the Church), Kingdom of Naples (agricultural state) -always feuding with each other | |
| 496759363 | Mirandola | -wrote the Oration on the Dignity of Man, in which he offered a statement of unlimited human potential | |
| 496759364 | Brunelleschi | -friend of Donatello -architect who drew inspiration from monuments of Roman antiquity -built the dome of the Duomo -hired by Medici fam to design interior of Church of St. Lorenzo | |
| 496759365 | Ghiberti | -quattrocentro architect -designed the Baptistry doors |  |
| 496782702 | Johannes Gutenberg | -played an important role in bringing the printing process to completion -published Gutenberg's Bible, the first true book published in the West by movable type | |
| 496782703 | Erasmus of Rotterdam | -lived during the time of the Reformation (Luther) -Dutch renaissance humanist -"crowning glory of the Christian humanists" -agreed that reform was needed in the church, but did not ignore the authority of the pope -emphasized education and inner Christianity | |
| 496782704 | Van Eyck | -painted Marriage of Giovanni and Giovanna -picture of a man and woman joining hands in their bedroom, with a puppy at their feet | |
| 496782705 | Bosch (Garden of Earthly Delights) | -very, very weird painting |  |
| 496782706 | Durer | -painted Four Apostles (two panels with two Biblical apostles on each side) -painted a self-portrait | |
| 496782707 | Brueghel (Peasant Wedding) |  | |
| 496782708 | Northern Renaissance | -Northern art (located in Benelux countries:Belgium, Luxemborg, Netherlands, Flanders) -more religious themes than Italian Renaissance -less influenced by classical themes -more human themes -folk legends -symbolism | |
| 496782709 | Charles VIII (France) | -king who invaded Italian lands -son of Louis XI -married Anne of Brittany | |
| 496782710 | Savanarola of Florence | -Italian friar known for his calls for Christian renewal and prophecies of civic glories -intervened with Charles VIII when he invaded Italy -under his influence, Florence rid the Medici family of rule and established a republic (or atleast they attempted to) | |
| 496838495 | Pope Alexander VI | -known for simony and nepotism -from Spain "Spanish warrior king" -treaty of Tordesillas | |
| 496838496 | Cesare Borgia | -son of P. Alexander VI -warrior/military genius *ideal prince according to Machiavelli* | |
| 496838497 | Louis XI (France) | -"spider king" -centralizes power -defeated Charles the Bold, added Burgundy to kingdom -created a strong base for French monarchy -"most Christian king of France" title given by pope | |
| 496838498 | Louis XII (France) | -married Anne of Brittany -consistently going after land in Italy | |
| 496838499 | Ferdinand and Isabella (Spain) | -Isabella of Castille marries Ferdinand of Aragon -royal council stripped of aristocrats -created strongest army in Europe -secured (from the pope) the right to select the most important church officials in Spain -policy of strict religious uniformity -expelled all Jews from Spain -expelled Muslims from Castille | |
| 496838500 | Pope Julius II | -"warrior pope" -hot-tempered,impatient, anxious -commisioned Michelangelo to create his tomb and paint ceiling of Sistine Chapel -commisioned Raphael -loved art and spent alot of $ on it | |
| 496838501 | Francis I (France) | -continued in the struggle for Italy b/t the French and Spanish -Renaissance king: brings Renaissance to France | |
| 496838502 | Emperor Maximillian (H.R.E.) | -married Mary (the daughter of Charles the Bold of France) | |
| 496838503 | Henry VII (England) | -first Tudor king -used Parliament and Court of Star Chamber for his benefit -restored economy -distrusted nobility -married off his son, Arthur, to Catherine of Aragon:international recognition of Tudors -ended War of the Roses | |
| 496838504 | Pope Leo X | -son of Lorenzo de Medici -became pope at age 37 -deeply involved in Renaissance culture (refined taste in art, manners, social life, etc.) | |
| 496838505 | Emperor Charles V (H.R.E.) | -grandson of Maximillian -dealt with the Turks -reigned during Martin Luther's time (Reformation opponent) -inherited ALOT of land from his father, largest empire since Charlemagne -Diet of Worms | |
| 496838506 | Sforza family (Milan) | -family of dukes that led Milan, the largest populated city state | |
| 496838507 | New Monarchs | -Henry VII of England, Louis XI of France, Isabella & Ferdinand of Spain | |
| 496838508 | War of the Roses | -Lancaster vs. Yorks -Henry VII (a Lancaster) marries Elizabeth (a York), unites houses to form Tudor House | |
| 496883716 | Motives for Exploration | -silver/gold, catholic missionaries, better opportunities in the New World, government encouragement, curiosity, spices | |
| 496883717 | Henry the Navigator | -Portuguese prince -starts school of navigation | |
| 496883718 | Antwerp | -replaced the Netherlands and became new center of banking | |
| 496883719 | Bartholemew Diaz, Vasco da Gama | -both wanted to find a route to India around Southern tip of Africa -Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached Calicut, India (filled his ship with spices) -Diaz rounded the Cape of Good Hope too, but then feared a mutiny from his crew and returned home | |
| 496883720 | Christopher Columbus | "In fourteen hundred, ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue." :) -wanted to find a route to the Asian mainland by sailing West and convert the natives to Christians -reached the New World, thought he reached Asia -explored Carribean Islands and Central America in his 4 voyages | |
| 496883721 | Amerigo Vespucci | -wanted to find navigation for voyages to the Indies -wrote several letters describing geography of New World -his letters led to the name "America" | |
| 496883722 | Ferdinand Magellan | -commisioned to search for spices and make a profit for Spanish king -passed through Magellan Strait, sailed across the Pacific, and reached the Phillipines -first known circumnavigation of the earth -killed by natives | |
| 496883723 | Hernando Cortez | -sailed to the New World -made alliances with Native city states -considered by the Aztecs to be a god, he earned their favor and then he turned on them and took their king hostage -spread small pox to natives -conquered Aztec empire then destroyed their temples, pyramids, and palaces | |
| 496883724 | Francisco Pizzaro | -landed on Western coast of South America w/ 80 men, steel weapons, gun powder, and horses -brought small pox to Inca Native population, including their emperor -captures Incan capital and established new Spanish capital at Lima | |
| 496883725 | Conquistador | -warrior/explorer who goes to other countries and forces natives under his rule | |
| 496883726 | Encomienda | -feudalism and manorialism in the New World | |
| 496883727 | Slavery | -increase of slave trading due to exploration | |
| 496883728 | Inflation/Bullion | -Spain's expansionism created inflation -gold/silver (bullion) availability went down, had to dillute them with lesser metals | |
| 496883729 | Mercantillism | -economic policy built on trade, focusing on a strong state | |
| 496883730 | Commercial/Price Revolution | -rise in prices due to exploration -ports begin heavily trading large amounts of gold/silver -ships over-packed with gold and silver | |
| 496883731 | Treaty of Tordesillas | -Pope Alexander VI creates line of Demarcation (seperates Portugual and Spain) |