Chapter 6 AP Bio Flashcards

Chapter 6 vocabulary from Principles of Life.

477767382	hydrolysis	a chemical reaction between water and another substance to form two or more new substances
477767383	coenzyme	a small molecule (not a protein but sometimes a vitamin) essential for the activity of some enzymes
477767384	exergonic reaction	A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy. (cell respiration and catabolism)
477767385	endergonic reaction	A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. (active transport, cell movements, and anabolism)
477767386	redox reaction	A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.
477767387	reduction reaction	a chemical change in which electrons are gained, either by the removal of oxygen, the addition of hydrogen, or the addition of electrons
477767388	oxidation reaction	a chemical reaction in which a reactant loses one or more electrons such that the reactant becomes more positive in charge
477767389	oxidative phosphorylation	ATP formation in the mitochondrian, assosciated with flow of electrons through respiratory chain
477767390	chemiosmosis	Formation of ATP in the mitochondria and chloroplasts, resulting from a pumping of protons across a membrane (against a gradient of electrical charge and of pH), followed by the return of the protons through a protein channel with ATP synthase activity
477767391	cellular respiration	The catabolic pathways by which electrons are removed from various molecules and passed through intermediate electron carriers to O2, generating H2O and releasing energy
480719607	glycolysis	a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP and NADH
480719608	aerobic	depending on free oxygen or air
480719609	pyruvate oxidation	2nd step in cellular respiration occurs on the way to the mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvate is oxidized into 1 CO2, 1 NADH, 1 acetyl-COA (2 carbons attached to coenzyme A)
480719610	citric acid cycle	in cellular respiration, series of chemical reactions that break down glucose and produce ATP; energizes electron carriers that pass the energized electrons on to the electron transport chain
480719611	coenzyme A (CoA)	a coenzyme, a small molecule required for enzymatic activity, present in all cells; necessary for cell respiration and fatty-acid metabolism
480719612	electron transport	Part of Oxidative Phosphorylation, Electrons from reduced coenzymes (NADH & FADH2) are passed through. The terminal electron acceptor is O2, forming H2O. Energy from electron transfer creates PROTON GRADIENT across cell membrane.
480719613	anaerobic	living or active in the absence of free oxygen
480719614	fermentation	a chemical phenomenon in which an organic molecule splits into simpler substances
480719615	catabolic pathway	A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds.
480719616	anabolic pathway	A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds.
480719617	gluconeogenesis	production of glucose from non-carbohydrates
480719618	photosynthesis	process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
480719619	light reactions	The steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and that convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, evolving oxygen in the process.
480719620	carbon-fixation reactions	does not use light directly, but uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions with CO2 to produce carbs
480719621	electromagnetic radiation	propagated in waves, and the amount of energy in the radiation is inversely proportional to its wavelength. The shorter the wave length, the greater the energy.
480719622	photons	particles of light
480719623	pigments	Molecules that absorb wavelengths in the visible spectrum
487740314	absorption spectrum	the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation that has passed through a medium that absorbed radiation of certain wavelengths
487740315	action spectrum	the efficiency with which electromagnetic radiation produces a photochemical reaction plotted as a function of the wavelength of the radiation
487740316	biological activity	the actions of plants and animals that cause weathering
487740317	light harvesting complexes	pigment molecules bound to proteins funnel the energy of photons to the reaction center
487740318	photosystem	in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, a cluster of chlorophyll and other pigment molecules harvest light energy for the light reactions of photosynthesis
487740319	reaction center	The chlorophyll a molecule and the primary electron acceptor in a photosystem trigger the light reactions of photosynthesis. The chlorophyll donates an electron, excited by light energy, to the primary electron acceptor; which passes an electron to an electron transport chain.
487740320	photosystem I	Complex in photosynthesis that absorbs light at 700nm and passes electrons to ferrodoxin and then to NADPH
487740321	photosytem II	Complex in photosynthesis that absorbs light at 680 nm and passes electrons to the electron transport chain in the chloroplast
487740322	cyclic electron transport	In photosynthetic light reactions, the flow of electrons that produces ATP but no NADPH or O2
487740323	calvin cycle	a series of reactions that occur during photosynthesis where glucose is synthesized by carbon dioxide
487740324	ribsco	ribulose biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; enzyme that catalyzes the initial reaction of the Calvin cycle of CO2 to an acceptor molecule
487740325	G3P	A three-carbon carbohydrate that is the direct product of the Calvin cycle; it is also an intermediate in glycolysis.
487740326	autotrophs	organisms that make their own food; photosynthetic organisms
487740327	heterotrophs	organism that must get energy from food sources; depend on autotrophs for chemical energy