Colonial Society Comes of Age Flashcards

497825252	First half of the 17th century in America	-Reigns of the Stuart Kings James I and his son, Charlies I -In Chesapeake, Virginia and Maryland are homes for thousands of indentured servants -In New England, the Puritans have established the MBC as their "New Jerusalem" where Puritan values are law --Colonies of Rhode Island and Connecticut have formed from them
497825253	English Civil War	-Caused by King Chales' desire to be an absolute ruler --Hated Parliament, didn't care about what they thought, and never let them meet -Puritans (called roundheads and have influence +like Parliament) fight the king and ultimately kill him (only king to be beheaded) --Roundheads vs cavaliers --Fear completely authority b/c does not bode well for minorities --Have money and influence, even though they don't have seats and can't vote
497825254	Oliver Crowell	-A Puritan who becomes Lord High Protector (ruler) over England -His reign from 1648-1660 will be the height of Puritan Power, meaning Puritan laws govern England. -Purtians believe they have won. --Were a role model for England, and overthrew the king --Ppl must like + want the Puritan lifestyle --Won, so God must be on their side -Oliver Cromwell dies a natural death. --However, many people do not want to be Puritan --Only disliked Charles I for trying to get rid of Parliament, and don't want commoners on the throne ---OC's son is killed --Charles I's son, Charles II is invited back to the throne
497825255	Stuart Restoration	-Return of a Stuart to the throne of England (Charles II) -Begins 2nd phase of colony building -Beginning of the end for the Purtians
497825256	Charles II	-Son of the executed king -Exactly like his father, and doesn't learn from his father's death. -Also wants to be an absolute ruler, and does not respect Parliament -Hates Puritans (killed his father) and any type of elected legislature (will seek to destroy legislature) -Rewards his supporters by giving them land (Restoration colonies) or giving them the opportunity to make money in trade (Navigation Acts) --Ppl who helped him when he was unemployed and ppl who orchestrated his return
497825257	Restoration/Proprietary Colonies	-NY, NJ, PA, Carolinas -Personal gifts, and created when Charles II was restored --Land was given away by the king to people to whom he owed money or were his friends --Owner called the Proprietor, and 3 out of the 4 proprietary colonies were formed as a result of the Stuart Restoration: Lord Baltimore - Maryland (not restoration colony) Duke of York (brother of Charles II called James)- New York (originally settled by the Dutch as New Netherlands) -Multi-ethnic, and didn't ask anyone to leave Berkely and Carteret - New Jersey Ashely and Cooper, et. al - Caronia (large, so later split) William Penn - Pennsylvania ------------------------------------- -All owners have one goal in common: To make money for themselves --Some colonies (MD and PA) have a second goal: religious toleration/religion -To make money, they can create any type of society that they desire, including a feudal society (however, could not violate English law) -Problem: It is hard to attract ppl to settle in a colony where they would work for someone else -Result: They tended to be very willing to accept anyone - just to get ppl to come - so will be some of first multi-ethnic colonies; religious relevant
497825258	Navigation Acts	-Gave his supporters a monopoly on trade w/ colonies by preventing the Dutch + others from trading w/ America --This allowed them to get rich --All foreign ships had to go through England --In addition, shipping, warehouse, industries competing w/ Britain (taxed goods) --Huge money makers -Based on the eco. theory of mercantilism -Stated that all 13 colonies had to sell their crops (tobacco, indigo, lumber, etc.) only to England and no other nations. --England promises to buy it all (ends all foreign traffic) -All foreign goods must first stop at a British port before going to America so the goods could be taxed. -No foreign ship could bring any product to America (so if Americans wanted French wine, it must be transferred to a British crew and then brought to America) American Response: The acts were not so bad for most people -B/c England promised to buy all that the 13 colonies made, there was no downside to farmers -British ship = colonial ship --It gave a huge boost to American shipbuilding industry (British crew = American crew_ -However, MBC/New England hated them b/c they relied on trade + international relations -Smuggling in foreign goods was often easy - The British did not try to stop all ships b/c the coastline was huge.
497825259	Mercantilism	-Eco. theory stating that colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country (among other things) -Countries wealth based on gold -Item for item trade in national trade so there is no net loss of gold. -Exports = imports -One way to stop imports is by having land all over the world to grow anything you need -Only trade w/ colonies
497825260	Typical formation of colonial governments	1. 3 branches -Executive - headed by a governor; in all cases, expect MBC, governor is appointed by king/prop. (owner of colony) -Legislative- Bicameral (2 houses) Upper House appointed by governor, lower house elected by ppl -Judicial - Court System 2. Voting is determined by ownership of (+white male), except in MBC when it is run by Puritans 3. Frequently the upper and lower houses did not get along -Virginia - Bacon's Rebellion -MD - Cath. upper/Protestant lower -PA - Qucker Upper/Protestant lower 4. Each colony had a written charter which spelled out ppl's rights and the powers of gov. 5. Lower house of the legislature had "power of purse" over gov. -Huge bargaining tool for pop. b/c they determined salaries
498366297	Factors that bring about the end of the puritan power	-Occurs after the reign of OC -Puritans fade form power w/in 50 years. -Believed God is dipsleased w/ them, and believe that someone/they have sinned 1. Stuart Restoration: When King Charles II is put back on the throne - he hates Puritans w/ a passion and wants to destroy their colony -Changes the structure of their gov. -1679 - Carves out New Hampshire. --NE smaller = has less power -1684 - Charter is take away due to Puritan refusal to obey the Navigation acts (they built a smuggling operation), and MBC disappears under the Dominion of New England -This means no more Puritan laws can be passed --King appoints gov. (not Puritan), gov. appoints UH (not Puritan) --Profound changes, and ends their ability to pass religious laws. Ex. Before, only saints holding office, qualifications for voting - now landownership, not church attendance, just price laws, and mandatory church attendance will be voted down.) --Dissenters will be protected by law 2. Merchants: Complain about just price laws, and pressure the gov. to end them so they can make more money. -Just price laws don't make up for risk (ex. ship sinking) -Especially applies to non-Puritans 3. Children of saints: Some don't want to go through the conversion experience; feel it is public humiliation, and if you are not a saint, you can't hold office and your children have even less rights -The children could not be baptized, and would not even be church members. -The "Halfway Covenant" was created to prevent people from complaining about the strict rules --Designed to stop the flow of ppl out of the church. Said you could basically be a partial church member- no t vote/hold office, but can baptize child. 4. Salem Witch Trials - 1692 -Considered the final nail in the coffin for the Puritans; now seem as a bit of a joke or terrible people. ------------------------------ -All these factors combine to help end the influence of the Puritans, and they will never get their charter back. -Massachusetts Bay will remain a royal colony. -The religion essentially disappears, but their influence will be felt for decades.
498366298	Dominion of New England	-One supercolony under one governor -Includes NE, Rhode Island, etc. -Governor is Sir Edmond Almose -Colonies lose autonomy
498366299	Southern Colonies	-Carolina and Georgia
498366300	Carolina	-Proprietary colony set up after the Stuart Reformation -Had several owners -John Locke: famous philosopher; wrote the Constitution Political system: so big that 2 gov. were formed; typical structures' voting by land owners. Economic: Large scale agriculture - rice, indigo, cotton. -Huge use of slaves as IS fell sick - plus slaves grew rice; boom or bust --> can't eat cotton Social: Money from rice, cotton - wealth in land + slaves -Religion not a reason for settlement; money was -Ppl spread out b/c of large farms - so less of a community feeling -From MD down, same pattern (ex. workers - headright, indentured slaves) -Further S, malaria + disease -Types of crops differed Because of large size and usual complaints tot he king, it will split the colony into N+S Carolina, and both will be royal.
498366301	Georgia	-Last of the 13 colonies, and the only one to begin as a royal colony -Named after King George, and led after James Oglethorpe (not proprietor, even though in charge) Had strange original goals: 1. Was intended to be a colony for debtors -In England, you went to prison if you owed money, and stayed in prison until it was paid back. (Usually someone had to bail you out) -Drain on England to imprison them 2. Wanted to ban slavery + alcohol - bad influence on the ppl, and they don't want them to be morally weak 3. Hoped to go into the silk + other trades -Part of mercantilism theory to not trade much, and China was the only one making silk -Never really took off 4. Was to be a "buffer colony" - Protect Carolina from the Spanish in Florida Reality: 1. Money was to be made in crops like indigo and cotton, so slaves will be needed -Few IS could survive malaria 2. Silk doesn't work, becomes like some other colonies. -Society similar to that of Carolina- large scale agriculture w/ large # of slaves. -Ppl spread out w/ less contact + social status was determined by land wealth; religion less important
509800922	King Charles II	-Son of Charles I (killed during Eng. C. War) -Despite being invited back to be king by Parliament, he hates any type of elected legislature - wants to be an absolute ruler (spent time in France) - he believes in the divine right of kings, so an elected body is useless in his mind (Parliament or colonial) --Doesn't let them meet - he ultimately disbands all colonial leg. -Hates Puritans in particular - father's death and willing tries to destroy them (them changed his life) --Capitalizes on general unpopularity of Puritans (strict) -When MBC refuses to obey the Nav. Acts, he punishes them by separating off New Hampshire --Smuggling easy b/c of huge coastline (Usually Caribbean --> America.) --Part of the witch trials b/c merchants caused loss of charter -Creating the Dominion of New England: a kind of "super colony" which combined MBC, NH, CI, RI into one large colony (taking away everyone's charters, worst for Puritans) (later NY + NJ added) --Governor: Sir Edmond Andros: "You shall have no rights left to you other than not to be sold as slaves" -When he dies in 1685, he has no children, so his brother James (Duke of York) becomes King James II --Leaves strife b/c no leg. + one governor --Seen as power grab by crown
509800923	James II	-Duke of York; becomes king after Charles II dies and does not leave an heir -James also believes in the Divine Right of kings -Also hates Parliament/colonial legislature -Worst of all, he converts to RC --He's head of church he does not belong to (Final straw) --Also has child w/ RC wife --Son brought up Cath. --Ppl don't want hereditary Cath. (one is okay b/c not that long) -James adds NJ +NY to the DoNE -Parliament fires him
509800924	Glorious Revolution	-"Bloodless Revolution" -By 1688, Parliament has had enough (Charles II converted to Cath.), so they fire the king. They ask his daughter Mary (Protestant) and her husband William to become king + queen (comanarchs) --James II is not killed - fled to France --Shows the supremacy of Parliament --Becomes the justification for the Am. Rev. --Rights of the ppl > Right of monarchy -Before accepting W + M, Parliament demanded they sign the BoR (conditions of becoming monarch) -Will and Mary sign the English Bill of Rights giving Parliament permanent power over the king and rights to ppl - ending forever ideas about absolute monarchy + divine right of kings in England --DoNE ends in America, but all colonies (including MBC) are now royal --That will mark the end of Puritan power (1688 - Before witch trials) (Puritans will get charter back) --Parliament in charge --BoR helps shape Am. Revolutino -Only monarch that survives b/c gives power (powers given to parliament) -Ant-Stuart Rebellions in AC
509800925	Anti-Stuart Rebellion in AC	-MD - Cath. pop. there, seen as potentially dangerous/disloyal -MBC - Happy b/c Stuart took away charter -NY - Leisler's Rebellion: Tried to get rid of pro-Stuart ships
509800926	Heigh of Colonial Era	-1688-1754 (after Glorious Revolution) -Three distinct regions develop in colonial America: --NE, Middle and S --All have distinct eco. due to geo. --All have similar gov. structures (esp. when royal) --All impacted by events in England --All benefit from the English practice of salutary neglect - meaning England pretty much left the 13 colonies alone ---England focused on their own world ----Not active kings (George I can't speak English, and was from Germany) (not activist kings) ---America not a huge drain on eco. ---End of salutory neglect leads to American revolution. -Americans benefited from some aspects of the Nav Acts (like crop sales), and those who didn't were able to smuggle (Nav. Acts weren't enforced well, so possible) --American coastline was huge, and it would cost a fortune to keep customs officials all over the place searching ships, so England din't bother tying to crack down --Allowed 13 colonies to make all their own laws- great self-governance --America sees their relationship like Ireland. Allies in time of war, part of empire, but not mother-child relation
509809165	Influences on Colonial America	-All colonies affected by 2 great influences of 18th century: Enlightenment and Great Awakening
509809166	The Great Awakening	-A religious revival (1740s) designed to get people more active in churches and prayer (Protestant movement) --Religious zealousness has dissipated in colonies (Ex. Puritan society) -Most famous minister: Jonathon Edwards - "Sinners in the hand of God" -George Whitefield - "Born again" --Not predestination --Inspires people to seek forgiveness. --Can be saved by prayer + talking to God -Argued against social divisions in society -Protestant ministers split into 2 camps --New lights: Revivalists - told ppl to doubt whether ministers were saved ---Question authority ---New religions + schools to train ministers (ex. Princeton, Columbia) --Old Lights: Clergy who dominated the Anglican, Presbyterian, and Congregational churches ---Yale and Harvard ---Thoughts New Lights were crazy Impact -Change in importance of churches (ex. New ones - Methodists, Baptists) -New colleges formed (Brown Princeton, etc.) -Increased # of NA + blacks become Christians due to focus on piety and oral traditions over intelligence --Not based on Bible reading (non-literate masses) --Based on personal piety. -Denomination - Acceptance of various Protestant Denominations --All Protestant religions seen as equal --Particularly on the frontier w/ travelling ministers --Didn't matter what form of Protestantism in general (nothing radically different) --Religion social activity - get together anyway
509809167	The Enlightenmen	-Almost opposite of GA - taught ppl to use science and reason to solve problems. Not religion + God -God does not play that role in ppl's lives -Ex. Ben Franklin (Franklin stove), Thomas Jefferson (we hold these truths to be self-evident) (architect of his home - Montecello) --Examples of enlightened thinkers - will become the basis for opposition to British authority during the AR - esp. John Locke - who writes about a social contract which exists btw ppl and gov., and if the gov. is bad, ppl can overthrow it (like England did during the Glorious Revolution) -Social contract - Ppl born w/ rights, and give them up to society for protection -Natural rights: life, liberty, property -Many Enlightenment figures are deist - believe that God created the universe, and them left it alone (wound up universe, and then let it go) --Very different from Puritan views -Opposite of sinners in the hand of God -------------------------------------------------- -Enlightenment in Colonial US -Enlightenment appealed to rich -Mostly seaboard cities - had most contact w/ Europe -Rural has more great awakening b/c prayers felt comforting, science didn't (enlightenment) -Strengthening ties btw colonies (read same things) -Ppl who considered themselves to be Christian (but who trusted reason if it conflicted w/ Bible) -Religious ideas were not inborn, but learned.