Biological Anthropology Flashcards
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| 158925722 | Anthropology | the holistic study of the human species, its past, present, its biology, its culture, its language | |
| 158925723 | Biological Anthropology | an interdisciplinary and historical science | |
| 158925724 | Evolution | a theory, "change over time" | |
| 158925725 | European World View | a world in stasis, fixity of species, Great Chain of Being, no notion of Deep Time | |
| 159258122 | Great Chain of Being | a way to explain where every living thing fit into the ladder of relationships with everything else | |
| 159258123 | Deep Time | the essential concept donated by geology that stated that the earth was old enough for biological evolution to be a possibility | |
| 159258124 | Fixity of Species | the idea that living things are as God initially created them, and that they never changed i | |
| 158925726 | James Ussher | wanted to know the age of the earth; October 23, 4004 BC | |
| 158925727 | Count Buffon | Uniformitarianism and deeper time | |
| 158925728 | James Hutton | Uniformitarianism | |
| 158925729 | Charles Lyell | Earth evolves by uniform processes; geologist | |
| 158925730 | John Ray | concept of species and genus | |
| 158925731 | Carolus Linnaeus | first taxonomy of plants and animals by physical appearance | |
| 158925732 | Catastophism | fossil evidence indicate multiple extinctions and multiple catastrophies | |
| 159258125 | Uniformitarianism | gradual forces shaped the planet which are still at work today | |
| 158925733 | Jean Baptiste Lamark | Inhertitance of Acquired Characteristics-interaction between organisms and their environment, changes in trait are inherited (giraffe scenario) | |
| 158925734 | Thomas Malthus | most living things produce more offspring than can be expected to survive; competition for food and resources | |
| 158925735 | Darwin's Postulates | 1) There is the a "struggle for existence" b/c a population grows faster than its food supply 2) There is differential success to survive and reproduce 3) Variation in a population is present and is heritable | |
| 158925736 | Natural Selection | AKA: Differential Survival and Reproduction; when the environment changes, organisms that have characteristics that enable them to survive will do so and reproduce offspring with the same characteristics | |
| 158925737 | Darwin vs Lamark | Lamark: requires variation to arise when needed Darwin: variation already exists and nature selects those with advantageous characteristics according to their environment | |
| 158925738 | Old ideas of inheritence | blending of parents' traits, traits in blood, examples in breeding | |
| 158925739 | Gregor Mendel | Father of Genetics | |
| 158925740 | Pea Plants | inheritance | |
| 158925741 | Law of Segregation | traits are inherited as discrete units; frequent units=dominant, less frequent units=recessive | |
| 158925742 | Genes | codes for a particular trait | |
| 158925743 | Alleles | a pair of genes | |
| 158925744 | Genotype | combination of alleles | |
| 158925745 | Homozygous | same alleles | |
| 158925746 | Heterozygous | different alleles | |
| 158925747 | Phenotype | physical expression of trait | |
| 158925748 | Polygenetic Inheritance | two or more genes work together to effect a single pheotypic trait (eg. skin color); strongly affected by the environment in which they develop | |
| 158925749 | Chromosomes | where genes are located; humans :46 , 23 pairs | |
| 159258126 | Gametes | sex cells; where significant evolutionary changes occur | |
| 159258127 | Population | A group of individuals that can and do interbreed | |
| 159258128 | Evolution | A challenge in allele frequency from one generation to the next | |
| 159258129 | Fitness | an individual's reproductive success | |
| 159258130 | Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | assumes no gene flow, mutation, genetic drift, or natural selection | |
| 159258131 | Homologies | traits which are similar in form in two species due to common ancestry | |
| 159258132 | Analogies | Similarities between organisms based only on common function with no regard to common evolutionary descent. Structures look/act alike because they exploit the same opportunities, like wings and flight. | |
| 159258133 | Punctuated Equilibrium | The idea that long periods of stasis are followed by short periods of rapid evolutionary change | |
| 159258134 | Bergman's Rule | organisms in cold climates tend to have stockier bodies | |
| 159258135 | Allen's Rule | Stipulates that in warmer climates, the limbs of the body are longer relative to body size to dissipate body heat | |
| 159258136 | Law of Segregation | Mendel; "particles" were separated into gametes that joined together during recombination, generating continuing variation | |
| 159258137 | Modern Synthesis | combination between Natural Selection and Mendelian genetics | |
| 159258138 | PTC | inability to taste is b/c it's a homozygous recessive genotype | |
| 159258139 | Human taxonomy | animalia-Primates-Hominidae-Homo-sapiens | |
| 159258140 | Genetic drift | random fluctuations of gene frequencies | |
| 159258141 | Gene flow | exchange of genes between populations, keeping them similar | |
| 159258142 | Mutation | introduce new traits into a population | |
| 159258143 | Founder effect | the random changes that occur when a small group splits off from a large population | |
| 159258144 | Fission | the splitting of one population into two | |
| 159258145 | In a population of pea plants there are 10,000 individuals; 7,000 have genotype TT, 2000-Tt, 1000-tt. The tall trait is dominant. Compute the genotype, phenotype, and allele frequencies for the initial population | Genotype frequencies: TT=.7, Tt=.2, tt=.1 Phenotype frequencies: Tall/medium=.9, short= .1 Allele frequencies: T=.8, t=.2 | |
| 159258146 | In a population of pea plants there are 10,000 individuals; 7,000 have genotype TT, 2000-Tt, 1000-tt. The tall trait is dominant. Compute the expected frequencies of the 3 genotypes and phenotypes | Genotype frequencies: TT=.25, Tt=.5, tt=.25 Phenotype frequencies: Tall/medium=.75, short=.25 | |
| 159258147 | In a cross breeding of pure breeding tall pea plants (TT) with pure breeding short plants (tt) in which the alleles are co-dominant. What are the genotyp and phenotype frequencies in the F1 generation | Genotypes(TT=0, Tt=100%, tt=0), Phenotypes (Tall/medium=100%, short=0) | |
| 159258148 | In a cross breeding of pure breeding tall pea plants (TT) with pure breeding short plants (tt) in which the alleles are co-dominant. What are the genotype and phenotype frequencies in the F2 generation. F1: Genotypes(TT=0, Tt=100%, tt=0), Phenotypes (Tall/medium=100%, short=0) | Genotypes: TT=.25, Tt=.5, tt=.25 Phenotypes: Tall= .25, medium=.5, short=.25 | |
| 159258149 | http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanatomy/skeletons_skulls/skull_lateral_3.jpeg Identify #3, #3 hole under skull, #6 lower part though | occipital lobe, foramen magnum, mandible | |
| 159258150 | http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/upload/a2079613.jpg Identify E, G, L | sacrum, Innominate, pubic symphisis | |
| 159258151 | http://anatomycorner.com/main/wp-content/images/ulna_unlabeled.jpg Identify bone and following parts: | coronoid process, semilunar notch, olecranon, styloid process | |
| 160113619 | Single-Male/Multi-Female Society | related females, sub-adult males don't reproduce, considerable sexual dimorphism, eg. Gorillas | |
| 160113620 | Multi-Male/Multi-Female Society | dominancy hierarchy amongst males, several males reproduce, some sexual dimorphism, eg. Baboons | |
| 160113621 | Monogamous Pairs Society | single male/single female, least common among primates, minimal sexual dimorphism, not found among great apes | |
| 160113622 | Polyandry Society | one female/2 males, males are usual brothers, fairly rare, minimal sexual dimorphism, some new world monkeys | |
| 160113623 | Solitary Society | quite rare, eg. orangutans | |
| 160113624 | Arboreal Hypothesis | agility and grasping, vison (stereoscopic vision and color), big brain | |
| 160113625 | Visual Predation Hypothesis | Primates' adaptations suited for seeing and preying on small animals in branches; requires visual acuity and grasping hands | |
| 163139108 | Platyrrhines | New World Monkeys, almost exclusively arboreal | |
| 163139109 | Catarrhines | Old World Monkeys, Apes, Humans | |
| 163139110 | Subfamilies of OWM | Colobines: colubus monkeys, langurs (infanticide) Cercopiths: very diverse, macaques and vervets | |
| 163139111 | Baboons | diverse, omnivorous, multi-male/female, *adapted to same environment as our ancestors*, terrestrial, sexually dimorphic | |
| 163139112 | Apes/Hominoids | larger body size, no tail, shortened trunk, suspensory locomotion, complex behavior and cognitive abilities, increased period of infant development | |
| 163139113 | Families of Apes/Hominoids | Hylobatidae: Gibbons and Siamangs Pongidae: orangutan, gorilla, chimps, bonobos Hominidae: genus Homo | |
| 163139114 | Gibbons and Siamangs | brachiation (long arms, permanently curved fingers, short thumbs), monogamous pairs, little sexual dimorphism | |
| 163139115 | Orangutans | solitary, females+young=stability, very sexually dimorphic | |
| 163139116 | Gorillas | single male-multi female, sexually dimorphic | |
| 163139117 | Chimpanzees | less sexually dimorphic-ratio close to humans | |
| 163139118 | Rank | learned behavior, infants observe mothers | |
| 163139119 | Mother-Infant Relation | type of relationship that is the core grouping | |
| 163139120 | Arboreal | Type of Social Behavior: includes Gibbons, NWM; smaller groups, territorial between groups, little in-group aggression | |
| 163139121 | Social Behavior-Terrestrial | Baboons; larger groups and territory, less aggression between groups, more in-group aggression | |
| 163139122 | Eugene Debois | interested in finding fossil human ancestors; Java, Indonesia: Pithecanthropus erectus | |
| 163139123 | Problems with P. erectus | 1) It was believed that a large brain size was a characteristic of our ancestors 2) Europeans believed that we must have originated in Europe | |
| 163139124 | Piltdown Man | Darwin, fit preconceptions (intelligent, found in Europe), modern-looking cranium and ape-like jaws--> actually a fraud (modern human skull, orangutan jaw) | |
| 163139125 | Raymond Dart | found Australopithecus africanus-Taung Child (S. Africa), teeth not apelike (no diastema), foramen magnum underneath | |
| 163139126 | Importance of Skulls | 1) evidence of bipedalism (foramen magnum) 2)evidence for diet 3) evidence of brain size 4) similarities btw apes and humans | |
| 163139127 | Sahelanthropus tchadensis | blends apelike and human characteristics, 6-7mya, early development of bipedalism | |
| 163139128 | Orrorin tugensis | "orignial man", NW Kenya | |
| 163139129 | Ardipithecus kadabba | Ethiopia; mandible, teeth, hand, and foot bones; toe=bipedialism | |
| 163139130 | Ardipithecus ramidus | Ethiopia; skull=foramen magnum; grasping big toe= upright walker; limb proportions more monkey | |
| 163139131 | Australopithecines | bipedal, brain slightly larger than chimps, size reduction of front teeth, size increase of molars | |
| 163139132 | Australopithecus anamensis | Kenya; diastema, thicker enamel, small front teeth, bipeds, leg bones+hallux=bipedalism | |
| 163139133 | Australopithecus afarensis | Ethiopia, Tanzania; Lucy; gorilla>canine teeth>modern human; massive jaw+flaring cheek bones=ate hard fibrous food; brain slightly larger than chimp; funnel shaped rib cage; Laetoli footprints=bipedal; children had slow maturation rates | |
| 163139134 | Kenyanthropus platyops | flat faced from Kenya | |
| 163330559 | Benefits of Bipedalism | safer scavenging, carrying things (efficiency), thermal regulation | |
| 163330560 | Australopithecus africanus | Raymond Dart, Taung Child; sexually dimorphic; "gracile" | |
| 163330561 | The common ancestor had these characteristics... | vocal communication, complex social interactions, expressive faces, tactical deception, manipulated objects, slept in arboreal nests | |
| 163330562 | USOs | available in all seasons in woodlands, useful food source, hard to get, tooth wear-->thicker enamel | |
| 163330563 | Paranthropus | heavy build, massive face, sagittal crest, slightly larger brain than Australopithecus | |
| 163330564 | Paranthropus aethiopicus | small brain, 2.5mya (Paranthropus), ancestor to specialized hominines?, coarse diet | |
| 163330565 | P. boisei | "Hyperrobust", Kenya, Tanzania, sexually dimorphic | |
| 163330566 | Olduwan | very old form of stone tool, suggests good planning and understanding of stones, associated with Homo habilis | |
| 163330567 | Percussion Flaking | striking one stone with another to break pieces off | |
| 163330568 | Core | piece of rock from which flakes are removed | |
| 163330569 | Flake | pieces removed from core | |
| 163330570 | Hammerstone | stone used to strike the core and remove flakes | |
| 163330571 | Australopithecus garhi | early human that had first flaked stone tools | |
| 163330572 | Lokalalei (Kenya) | site where several flakes were found that were reconstructed | |
| 164007049 | Where Homo habilis lived (Old story) | lived in Africa | |
| 164007050 | Where Homo erectus lived (old story) | lived in Africa | |
| 164007051 | Where Homo sapiens lived (old story) | lived in Africa | |
| 164007052 | Where Homo ergaster lived (new story) | lived in Africa | |
| 164007053 | Where Homo erectus lived (new story) | lived in Asia | |
| 164007054 | Where Homo heidelbergensis lived (new story) | lived in Europe | |
| 164007055 | Evidence of hunting | trampled herds, clubs/stone weapons, mass killing sites, butchering marks on bone | |
| 164007056 | Acheulean | thinner tools, straighter edges, more complex stone tools, associated with H. erectus |