MEMORY Flashcards

ap psych -- memory chapter.

42244828	memory	the persistence of learning over tie through the storage and retrieval of information.
42244829	flashbulb memory	a clear memory of an emotionally significan moment or event
42244830	encoding	the processing of informatin into the memory system - for example, by extracting meaning.
42244831	storage	the retention of encoded information over.
42244832	retrieval	the process of getting information out of memory storage
42244833	sensory memory	the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system.
42244834	short-term memory	activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.
42244835	long-term memory	the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
42244836	working memory	a similar concept that focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information.
42244837	automatic processing	unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
42244838	effortful processing	encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
42244839	rehearsal	the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.
42244840	spacing effect	the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study.
42244841	serial position effect	our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
42244842	semantic encoding	the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.
42244843	acoustic encoding	the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.
42244844	visual encoding	the encoding of picture images.
42244845	imagery	mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
42244846	mnemonics	memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
42244847	chunking	organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
42247503	episodic memory	memories of specific events, stored in sequential series of events
42247504	procedural memory	memories of skills and how to perform them. These memories are sequential but might be very complicated to describe in words.
42918431	iconic memory	a slip-second perfect photograph of a scene
42918432	echoic memory	a perfect brief (3-4 seconds) memory for sounds.
42918433	selective attention	encoding what is important to us, sometimes not controlled
42918434	cocktail party effect	ability to attend to only one voice among many
42918435	explicit memories	what we usually think of first, conscious memories of fancts or events we actively tried to remember
42918436	implicit memories	unintentional memories that we might not even realize we have
42918437	eidetic memory	the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure
42918438	recognition	matching a current event or fact with one already in your memory.
42918439	primacy effect	recall items presented at the beginning of a list
42918440	recency effect	recall items at the end of a list
42918441	tip of the tongue phenomenon	temporary inability to remember information
42918442	semantic network theory	connecting their meaning and contest with meanings already in memory. Thus our brains create a web of connected memories.
42918443	mood congruent memory	greather likeliehood of recalling an item when our mood matched the mood we were in when the event happend.
42918444	state dependent memory	recalling events encoded while in particular states of consciousness.
42918445	recovered memory	suddenly remember events they have "repressed" for years.
42918446	constructed memory	report false details of a real event or might even be a recollection of an event that never occurred.
42918447	relearning effect	it takes you less time than it did the first tiime you studied them
42918448	interference	other memories competes with what you are trying to recall.
42918449	retroactive interference	learning new information interferes with the recall of older information
42918450	proactive interference	older information learned previously interferes with the recall of information learned more recently.
42918451	hippocampus	important in encoding new memories
42918452	anterograde amnesia	cannont encode new memories but they can learn new skills, but they wont remember learning them.
42918453	long-term potentiation	shows that neurons can strenthen connections between eachother
42918454	phonemes	the smallest units of sound used in a language. English speakers use about 44 phonemes
42918455	morphemes	smallest unit of a meaningful sound.
42918456	language acquisition	babbling stage which is innate at 6 months of age.
42918457	holophrastic stage	time during which babies speak in single words
42918458	overgeneralization/overregularizzation	misapplication of grammer rules
42918459	language acquistion device	ability to learn a language rapidly as children
42918460	critical period	a window of opportunity during which we must learn a skill or our develpment will permanently suffer
42918461	linguistic relativity hypothesis	language we use might control and sometimes limit our thinking.