Ethics Terms - Shaffer Flashcards
Ethics
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| 504313824 | Aiken's Model expressive | A statement that is agreed upon by consenting moral communities with similar views and cultural or religious | |
| 504313825 | Aiken's Model articulate | Must give reason and identify principles which support a position | |
| 504313826 | AIken's Model ethical reflection | Must give further justification and an example of grounding or an account of how moral rule or principle is to be understood | |
| 504313827 | Aiken's Model human level | Moral rules are a signal that behavior of the opposite sort has taken place/ human beings resist being bound to principles set by society and call them into question | |
| 504313828 | Aiken's Model | Linguistic discourse is distinguished by several different levels | |
| 504326277 | Toulman's model claim | Assertion made about a particular topic - a warrant | |
| 504326278 | Toulman's model backing | Support given that relates to warrant and more elaborate than warrant | |
| 504326279 | Toulman's model rebuttal | An opposing argument. Serves as greater support for claim when refuted with a qualifying statement | |
| 504326280 | Toulman's model qualifying statement | Redefines claim for opposing evidence and conflicting conclusions | |
| 504326281 | Toulman's model conclusion | Restatement of initial claim - takes into account rebuttal and qualifying statement | |
| 504326282 | sophist | group of itinerant teachers who questioned to what extent morality was a matter of nature and to what extent a matter of custom tradition | |
| 504326283 | niomachian ethics | 1st systematic treatment of ethics in Western civilization | |
| 504326284 | categorical imperative | bounding on all people b/c it is affirmed by reason, every rational person accept his or her obligation to follow reason | |
| 504326285 | utilitarianism | rightness or wrongness of action is determined by the goodness or badness of the consequences | |
| 504326286 | deontology | ethics is a duty. doing the moral things b/c it is the right thing to do and is the best way - God's command. law. | |
| 504326287 | teleology | ethics of consequence. Doing something only b/c it causes a good outcome for you | |
| 504326288 | ethics | the study of right and wrong conduct | |
| 504326289 | normative ethics | answers specific moral questions, determines what is reasonable and therefore what people should believe | |
| 504326290 | metaethics | ethical system to appraise their logical foundation and internal consistency | |
| 504326291 | moral situation | situation in which there is a chose of behavior involving human values | |
| 505641469 | ethical system | p Set of coherent ideas that result from conclusions and form an overall moral perspective | |
| 505641470 | moral discourse | p Using understanding and intellectual procedure and judgement criteria that all participants affirm | |
| 505641471 | multi-culturism | p Every race or ethnic group has its own values and characteristic behaviors, that one group's values are not any better or worse than any other's and criticism of another culture's ideas and actions is wrong | |
| 505641472 | cultural relativity | p Difference in morality in difficult cultures | |
| 505641473 | just laws | p Human laws that square with natural and divine laws | |
| 505641474 | unjust laws | p Human laws that do not square with Divine or natural laws, they do not need to be followed | |
| 505641475 | Moral Point of View | p Reason for judgement consist of fact at the effect of actions and desire on others, identified by determining what facts are reason for moral judgement, willingness to universalize judgement | |
| 505641476 | morality | p Instrument of society/ personal code, use reason to make own decision with principles and advise of others | |
| 505641477 | social matrix | p Temporal, pluralism based on personal experiences, not universal; moral languages are diverse among social worlds | |
| 507919780 | externalization | a theory of human nature which argues that human beings are characterized by the feature of "pouring out into the world" | |
| 507919784 | externalization | a theory of human nature which argues that human beings are characterized by the feature of "pouring out into the world" | |
| 507919781 | process of forgetfulness | documents objectified a forgetfulness about their social production occurs; language is dynamic and changing | |
| 507919785 | process of forgetfulness | documents objectified a forgetfulness about their social production occurs; language is dynamic and changing | |
| 507919782 | internalization | Human beings internalize these meanings | |
| 507919786 | internalization | Human beings internalize these meanings | |
| 507919783 | Social Worlds | constituted by a symbolic level which condenses and stores fundamental ideas (laws and torah) | |
| 507919787 | symbol | have a deeper meaning then what they acually are used for ex: cross | |
| 507935253 | cave | the prison for your mind | |
| 507935254 | reality; leaving the cave | The opening of your mind to how life really is, and the acceptance of great knowledge | |
| 507935255 | sunlight | Reality and the flood of knowledge | |
| 507935256 | fetters | things that keep us from seeing the truth of what something is | |
| 507935257 | principle of Right Desire | "we ought to desire what is really good for us and nothing else," this is self-evident and cant be contradicted | |
| 507935258 | Principle of Contradiction | An idea cannot be both true and false at the same time in the same way | |
| 507935259 | absolutism | A norm or principle that is true at all times and in all places and admits of no exceptions | |
| 507935260 | relativism | No objective moral standard is possible, issues of right and wrong are personal and subjective and maybe decided by each person for himself or herself without danger of being wrong | |
| 507935261 | ethos | Fundamental values that ground and shape a communty and appear as grounds for individual actions, there are different understandings | |
| 507935262 | world view | Related to ifs, there are different views because there are layer of what is understood with angle of vision or point of view | |
| 507935263 | wilding | Hurting others simply for fun or purely emotive gratification | |
| 507935264 | expressive wilding | Causing harm to others for sheer gratification of indulging one's own restructive impuse | |
| 507935265 | instrumental wilding | Harming others not just for fun but for money, career advancement, or other calcuable personal gains | |
| 507935266 | economic wilding | Morally uninhabited pursuit of money by individuals and businesses at the expense of others | |
| 507935267 | political wilding | Abuse of political office to benefit oneself or one's own social class/ or using political authority to cause pain to others | |
| 507935268 | social wilding | Ranges from personal to family acts of violence, abusing wife or children/ collective forms of selfishness that weaken society | |
| 507935269 | institutionalized wilding | Wilding preformed by corporations or governments | |
| 507935270 | individualism | Antisocial behavior, acts that it might appear to stand for everything or nothing | |
| 507935271 | number one | Oneself | |
| 507935272 | law of nature | Laws and rules that can be found through observing nature around us | |
| 507935273 | hedonistic | Looking out for number one is not hedonistic, man's primary moral duty lise in the pursuit of pleasure | |
| 507935274 | altruistic acts | Self concern for the well-being of others | |
| 507935275 | presuppostition of behavior | "what I've done, I can do again and again." Continuity of past and present behavior; trust in experience as cause and effect | |
| 507935276 | majority view | Less then perfect, majority ignorance is as common as majority wisdom, more then 51% of the population | |
| 507935277 | conscience | "inner voice", intuition that is innate in humans | |
| 507935278 | natural endowment | A person's basic metabolism and temperament that are essentially inborn | |
| 507935279 | social conditioning | Myriad effect of our environment on the values we are exposed to as we grow up and develop | |
| 507935280 | moral choice | People tend to behave in ways that are consistent with their thinking is fairly well known | |
| 507935281 | tough mind | Incisive thinking, realistic appraisal, and decisive judgment, sharp and penetrating | |
| 507935282 | soft mind | Gullibility, constantly invaded by irrational fears, superstitions | |
| 507935283 | hard heart | Lack genuine compassion, violent acts | |
| 507935284 | soft heart | Compassionate and sorrowful | |
| 507935285 | utilitarianism | Actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority | |
| 507935286 | incompleteness | Challenges you to compare yourself to others | |
| 507935287 | unfinishedness | Seeking to belong, relationship longing.need to be with people | |
| 507935288 | injustice | Small injustices you see now can help you fight larger injustices later | |
| 507935289 | finitude | What you want to be know for when you are dead | |
| 507935290 | memoria/ reflection | thinking back on your life and being able to step back and think of it objectively | |
| 507935291 | agape | Principle describing the type of action that Christians regard as good | |
| 507935292 | situationism or situational ethics | you use the rules/laws within certain situations | |
| 507935293 | legalism | Following the rules instead of moral guideance/one has folloed a law or rule one has done right no matter what | |
| 507935294 | antinomianism | there are no laws/rules to follow | |
| 507935295 | theocentric | Consideration be given to the "larger good" and ever to the "good of the whole" | |
| 507935296 | divine command theory | Idea that something is right because God commands it, God commands it because it is right | |
| 507935297 | moral agent | Biological and social conditions are taken into account in most systematic views, There are philosophical and theological conditions | |
| 507935298 | discernment | That which identifies moral aspects or dimensions of a situation; first we perceive then we discern to whom we have priority of obligation | |
| 507935299 | objective theory of the good | Values is outside us and objective to our world reason, through intellectual reasoning and intuition and through commands of theological insight and Bible | |
| 507935300 | subjective theory of the good | Understanding the nature of "good" individually; there are multiple views | |
| 507935301 | relational theory of the good | "good" is understood in bi-polar subjective roots of the good are interconnected with the objects of the good | |
| 507935302 | altrusim | Regard for and evetion to the interest of other | |
| 507935303 | universal altruism | Beyond the eternal accidents of race, religion, and nationality | |
| 507935304 | dangerous altruism | To risk oneself to help another | |
| 507935305 | excessive altruism | To sympathize with another, to go the extra mile in helping someone | |
| 507935306 | obligation | Restrictions on our behavior, demands to do something or avoid doing it | |
| 507935307 | ideal | Are aspects of excellence, goals that bring greater harmony within one's self and between self and others | |
| 507935308 | consequence | The beneficial or harmful effect that results from an action and affect the people involved, including the person performing the action | |
| 507935309 | obligation of reparation | the obligation to make ammends when you have wronged someone | |
| 507935310 | obligations of gratitude | Duty of Gratification | |
| 507935311 | categorical imperative | We should act in such a way that we would want our actions to become a universal Law | |
| 507935312 | principles of humanity | People are always the final end or goal, they are never the means to an end | |
| 507935313 | principle of autonomy | Each person must decide things for him or herself | |
| 507935314 | prima facie duty | Self evident principles; they are known these moral rules or principles by intuition | |
| 507935315 | duty of fidelity | Prior action; involved in such situations as remaining faithful to contacts, keeping promises, and repairing wrongful actions | |
| 507935316 | duty of gratitude | Obligations that come from relationships we have with other people; duty to help those who have helped us in the past | |
| 507935317 | duty of justice | Standing by principle of being sure that people only get what they deserve or are entitled to | |
| 507935318 | duty of self improvement | Make the most of our intelligence, talent, or situation; feel the need to help others while improving ourselves | |
| 507935319 | duty of non maleficence | Supplement to the duty of beneficence; avoid harming others physically, emotionally or psychologically |