AP Biology Chapter 35 Flashcards

339611831	plasticity	ability to alter the form of the plant in response to the environment
339611832	taproot	1 large verticle root w/ smaller lateral roots; firm anchorage; most eudicots and gymnosperms
339611833	root hairs	tiny extensions of epidermal cells on the root surface; most absorption occurs here
339611834	adventitious roots	roots arising aboveground from stems or leaves; help prop up plant
339611835	Node; internode	point at which leaves are attached; stem segment between nodes
339611836	axillary bud; terminal bud	angle formed by each new leaf and stem; at tip of shoot, apical dominance prevents axiallary buds from growing
339611837	stolon, rhizome, bulb/tuber	modified stems; horizontal shoots that grow on ground; horizontal shoots that grow underground (not roots); storage
339611838	Leaves: blade, petiole, veins, some are modified for...	flat part, stalk, vascular tissue; support (tendrils), protection (thorn), storage, reproduction
339611839	dermal tissue	epidermis; single layer of packed cells; root hairs, epidermis (secretes cuticle); trichomes (hairs on shoot epidermis, reduce water loss and reflect light, can protect against insects)
339611840	stele..	sylem and phloem
339611841	xylem in regards to vascular tissue...	dead at matureity, secondary walls with lignin; moves water and minerals up thru the plant from the roots (tracheids help in support, lignified, in all vascular, long tubular, thing, water flows through pits in ends); vessel elements (angiosperm, thinner walled, wider, shorter, less tapered, more water flow than tracheids)
339611842	phloem in regards to vascular tissue	alive at maturity; move sugar and nutrients through plant from where they are made to where they are needed; sieve -tube members (lack some organelles= no brain, sieve plate at ends of cells); companion cells (connected to andhelp sieve tube members, non-conducting cells, nucleus and ribos may help adjacent sieve tube member)
339611843	ground tissue	neither dermal nor vascular tissue; functions in photosynthesis, storage and support; pith (internal to the vascular tissue), cortex (external to the vascular tissue)
339611844	What are the 3 basic cell types in plants?	parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
339611845	parenchyma	least specialized plant cell; primary walls thin; usually no secondary walls; photosynthesis and storage of organic products; can differentiate into other types of cells
339611846	collenchyma	primary walls thicker and uneven; usually no secondary walls; grouped in strands (celery); function in support of the plant; alive/flexible at maturity
339611847	sclerenchyma	very rigid, thick secondary walls with lignin; may be dead at maturity; function in support; occurs in regions of the plant that have stopped growing
339611848	meristems	perpetually embryonic cells
339611849	apical meristems; lateral meristems	in tips of roots, buds of shoots, cause plant to grow in length; in woody plants in roots and stems, causes plant to grow in girth: vascular cambium (secondary xylem and secondary phlowm) and cork cambium (cork and periderm)
339611850	zone of maturation	cells differentiate and become specialized; root hairs
339611851	apical meristem produces (in the roots)...	dermal tissue (epidermis); vascular tissue (stele; pericycle - outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder; lateral roots arise here); ground tissue (mostly parenchyma cells, endodermis (cylinder of cells supporting the vascular cylinder); cortex (between vascular tissue and dermal tissue))
339611852	Apical meristem produces (in the shoots)...	dermal tissue (epidermis); vascular tissue in bundles (eudicots - bundles in a ring, xylem to the inside; monocots - bundles scattered; sclerenchyma fiber cells in some plants) ground tissue (pith - internal to vascular tissue in eudicots, cortex - external to vascular tissue in eudicots)
339611853	leaves are produced ___ by meristems; explain	indirectly; dermal tissue (epidermis, stomata, guard cells(controls opening); vascular tissue = vein -- xylem, ploem, bundle sheath; ground tissue (palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll (parenchyma) in eudicots, most photosynthesis in palisafe)
339611854	bundle sheath cell	protective layer around the vascular tissue; usually made of parenchyma
339611855	second growth occurs in ___ gymnosperms and ____ eudicots and ______ in monocots	all; some; rarely
339611856	vascular cambium...	single layer of cells, develops from parenchyma cells, outside of primary xylem, inside of the primary phloem
339611857	secondary phloem is produced to the ____ of the vascular cambium; explain	outside; bark = all tissue external to the vascular cambium; secondary phloem and periderm
339611858	secondary zylem is produced to the ___ of the vascular cambium; explaim	inside; wood = secondary xylem; tracheids, vessels, fibers; lots of lignin; growth rings
339611859	vascular rays	lines of cels, perpedicular to vascular cambium that connect secondary xylem and phloem
339611860	cork cambium	produces cork to the outside of the cambium; cells have wax that helps protect the stem from water oss and invasion by predators; periderm (cork and cork cambium, protective coat which replaces epidermis as the epidermis breaks off)
339611861	cell expansion in plants is due to...	uptake of water in central vacuole
339611862	instead of hox genes, plants have ____ to regulate spatial formation	homeotic genes
339611863	phase change in a plant	transition from one type of growth to another (from juvenile phase to adult phase or from vegetative phase to reproductive phase); involves changes in the apical meristem activity