Toward a Sustainable Future ch.10-13 Flashcards
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| 420119873 | aerosols | microscopic liquid or solid particles originating from land and water surfaces | |
| 420119874 | purification | occurs when water is separated from the solutes and particles it contains | |
| 420119875 | Hadley cell | the system composed of rising and falling air | |
| 420119876 | rain-shadow | dry region downwind of a mountain range | |
| 420119877 | infiltration | when precipitation soaks into the ground as it hits the ground | |
| 420119878 | watershed | all the land area that contributes water to a particular stream or river | |
| 420119879 | capillary water | water held in soil | |
| 420119880 | gravitational water | infiltrating water not held in the soil | |
| 420119881 | water table | upper surface of ground water | |
| 420119882 | aquifers | layers of porous material through which groundwater moves | |
| 420119883 | recharge area | the area where water enters an aquifer | |
| 420119884 | seep | water flows out over a relatively wide area | |
| 420119885 | spring | water exits the ground as a significant flow from a relatively small opening | |
| 420119886 | land subsidence | gradual sinking/ settling of land as water table drops | |
| 420119887 | sinkhole | land subsidence that develops suddenly and dramatically | |
| 420119888 | salt water intrusion | results from lowering water table, reduces pressure on aquifer, permitting salt water to flow into aquifer and wells | |
| 420119889 | desalination | removing the salt from seawater for domestic use | |
| 420119890 | gray water | slightly dirtied water from sinks, showers, bathtubs and laundry tubs | |
| 420119891 | parent material | mineral material of soil | |
| 420119892 | sand | largest particles | |
| 420119893 | silt | medium sized particles | |
| 420119894 | clay | finest particles | |
| 420119895 | loam | 40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay | |
| 420119896 | workability | ease with which a soil can be cultivated | |
| 420119897 | o horizon | topmost layer, consists of dead organic matter, humus | |
| 420119898 | a horizon | topsoil | |
| 420119899 | e horizon | zone of leaching | |
| 420119900 | b horizon | subsoil | |
| 420119901 | c horizon | weathered parent material | |
| 420119902 | eluviation | the process of leaching (dissolving away) many minerals due to the downward movement of water | |
| 420119903 | mollisols | fertile, dark soils found in temperate grassland biomes | |
| 420119904 | oxisols | soils of the tropical and subtropical rain forests | |
| 420119905 | alfisols | widespread, moderately weathered soils | |
| 420119906 | aridisols | very widespread soils of drylands and deserts | |
| 420119907 | tilth | soils ability to support plant growth | |
| 420119908 | transpiration | evaporation from plant leaves | |
| 420119909 | soil aeration | diffusion of oxygen into, and carbon dioxide out of, soil | |
| 420119910 | compaction | packing of the soil, occurs with excessive foot or vehicle traffic | |
| 420119911 | pH | acidity or alkalinity of any solution | |
| 420119912 | humus | residue of partly decomposed matter | |
| 420119913 | composting | the process of fostering the decay of organic wastes under more or less controlled conditions | |
| 420119914 | mycorrhizae | fungi that penetrates the detritus, absorbs nutrients and transfers them directly to the plant==> no nutrient loss from leaching | |
| 420119915 | erosion | the process of soil and humus particles being picked up and carried away by water or wind | |
| 420119916 | splash erosion | the impact of falling raindrops breaking up the clumpy structure of the topsoil | |
| 420119917 | sheet erosion | runoff caries fine particles away from the surface | |
| 420119918 | desert pavement | the thin surface layer of stones and gravel which protects underlying soil against further erosion | |
| 420119919 | cryptogamic crust | the growth and colonization of primitive plants that create a crust on the soil | |
| 420119920 | desertification | as water-holding and nutrient-holding capacity is diminished by erosion of topsoil areas become deserts | |
| 420119921 | TerrAfrica | 2005, alliance to fight land degradation in sub-Saharan Africa | |
| 420119922 | no-till agriculture | permits continuous cropping, yet minimizes soil erosion, field first sprayed with herbicide to kill weeds, soil never left exposed, enough detritus to maintain soil | |
| 420119923 | contour strip cropping | plowing and cultivating at right angles to contour slopes | |
| 420119924 | shelterbelts | protective belts of trees and shrubs alongside plowed fields | |
| 420119925 | sediments | eroding soils | |
| 420119926 | irrigation | supplying water to croplands by artificial means | |
| 420119927 | flood irrigation | water diverted from rivers through canals and flooded through furrows in fields | |
| 420119928 | center-pivot irrigation | water is pumped from a central well through a sprinkler that slowly pivots | |
| 420119929 | salinization | accumulation of salts in and on the soil to the point where plant growth is suppressed | |
| 420119930 | Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education | created by USDOA, 1988, provides funding for investigating ways to accomplish all of the goals of sustainable agriculture | |
| 420119931 | Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform Act | eliminated many subsidies and controls over farm commodities | |
| 420119932 | 2002 Farm Security and Rural Investment Act | continued to subsidize a host of farm products, maintaining price supporters and farm income for American farmers | |
| 420119933 | Food, Conservation and Energy Act of 2008 | maintains high levels of farm support, corn subsidies for ethanol | |
| 420119934 | Conservation Reserve Program | allows for highly erodible cropland to be established as "conservation reserve" of forest and gras | |
| 420120035 | Conservation Reserve Program | reimburses farmers for "retiring" erosion-prone land and planting it with trees or grasses | |
| 420120036 | Green Revolution | remarkable increases in crop production due to increasing technology | |
| 420120037 | Subsistence farmers | people/families who live on small parcels of land that provide them with food for their household and a small cash crop | |
| 420120038 | CAFOs | confined animal feeding operations | |
| 420120039 | Doubly Green Revolution | green revolution in terms of conserving natural resources and the environment | |
| 420120040 | Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety | agreement about need for proof that the genetically modified organisms were safe before they are allowed into countries | |
| 420120041 | precautionary principle | where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for failing to take measures to prevent potential damage | |
| 420120042 | food security | assured access for every person to enough nutritious food to sustain an active and healthy life; family, nation, global community | |
| 420120043 | malnutrition | lack of essential nutrients | |
| 420120044 | overnourishment | overeating/over weight | |
| 420120045 | pest | any organism that is noxious, destructive, or troublesome | |
| 420120046 | agricultural pests | organisms that feed on agricultural crops or ornamental plants or animals | |
| 420120047 | weeds | plants that compete with agricultural crops, forests, and forage grasses for light and nutrients | |
| 420120048 | herbicides | chemicals that kill plants | |
| 420120049 | pesticides | chemicals that kill animals | |
| 420120050 | integrated pest management | an approach to controlling pest populations by using all suitable methods- chemical and ecological- in a way that brings about long-term management of pest populations and also has minimal environmental impact | |
| 420120051 | first-generation pesticides | early pesticides that included lead, arsenic and mercury | |
| 420120052 | secondary-pest outbreak | cycle of resurgence | |
| 420120053 | pesticide treadmill | attempts to eradicate pests with synthetic organic chemicals | |
| 420120054 | bioaccumulation | small, seemingly harmless amounts of toxins received over a long period of time may reach toxic levels | |
| 420120055 | biomagnification | multiplying effect of bioaccumulation that occurs through a food chain | |
| 420120056 | juvenile hormone | triggers caterpiller pupation | |
| 420120057 | ecdysone | the molting hormone of insects | |
| 420120058 | insurance spraying | the use of pesticides to prevent losses to pests | |
| 420120059 | Organic Foods Protection Act | 1990, established the National Organic Standards Board | |
| 420120060 | Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act | 1947, 72, requires manufactures to register pesticides with the EPA before marketing them, tests for toxicity | |
| 420120061 | Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act | 1938, EPA sets allowable levels of pesticide residue on foods | |
| 420120062 | Delaney clause | said no food additive shall be deemed to be safe if it is found to induce cancer when ingested by man or animal | |
| 420120063 | Food Quality Protection Act | 1996, Ammended FIFRA, FFDCA, Delaney, with pesticide guidelines, more reasonable guidelines for carcinogens | |
| 420120064 | prior informed consent | exporting countries inform all potential importing countries of actions they have taken to ban or restrict the use of pesticides |