Toward a Sustainable Future ch.19-23 Flashcards

430874324	Atmospheric Brown Cloud (ABC)	1-3km thick pollution cloud over south and central Asia, high in black carbon and soot from burning & combustion ozone and acid rain, major dimming, reduction in rainfall
430874325	Temperature inversion	high pressure air sits above cool surface air trapping it keeps pollution from dissipating as warm as usually rises
430874326	VOC	volatile organic compounds
430874327	hydroxyl radical	cleansing agent that oxidizes many gaseous pollutants to products that are harmless or can be brought down to ground water
430874328	sea salts	cleansing agent from ocean spray - act as nuclei for raindrops, rain brings down other pollutants
430874329	industrial smog	combination of smoke and fog concentrated in areas where coal in primary energy, mostly in winter
430874330	photochemical smog	brownish smog from automobile exhausts (NOx and VOCs) is acted on by sunlight, appears during sunny times
430874331	primary pollutants	direct products of combustion and evaporation particulates, VOCs, CO, NOx, SO2, lead and air toxics
430874332	secondary pollutants	products of reactions form primary pollutants ozone, peroxyayacetyl nitrates, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid
430874333	coal	source of most SO2 emissions and heavy metals like mercury
430874334	Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emissions Factors	EPA tracks trend in national emissions of primary pollutants through the _____________.
430874335	ambient concentrations	EPA measures air quality in _____________.
430874336	Clean Air Act	1970, set ambient standards to protect environment and human health, command and control
430874337	photochemical oxidants	ozone and PANs formed form chemical rxns between nitrogen oxides and volatile organic carbons
430874338	peroxyacytel nitrates	(PANs) damage plants and forests, irritants mucous membranes
430874339	ozone	O3 toxic to animals and plants, causes crop damage (in through stomata), levels in Appalachian forest are high, from industry, dry cleaners, print shops
430874340	tenfold	difference between pH 1 and pH 2 is ______.
430874341	acid deposition	SO2 and NOx are oxidized by OH radicals to acids which dissolve in rain water H2SO4:HNO3 = 2:1 in rain
430874342	chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	COPD, progressive lung disease, emphysema, bronchitis and asthma
430874343	carcinogens	air toxic pollutants like benzene (tobacco smoke) are _______.
430874344	regional haze rule	1999 EPA established goals to increase visibility especially in wilderness and NP
430874345	neutralizer	limestone is a ___________ for acid rain, lakes
430874346	National Ambient Air Quality Standards	NAAQS set primary standards for particulates, SO2, NOx and CO: based on presumed tolerance minus 10-50% safety margin
430874347	ozone shield	stratospheric layer that absorbs majority of UV radiation, thinned by CFCs (catalyst)