Chapter 15 - The Ferment of Reform and Culture, 1790-1860 Flashcards
The American Pageant 14th Edition
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| 1004814479 | Thomas Paine | American Revolutionary leader & pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence ad supported the French Revolution; wrote Common Sense & The Age of Reason | |
| 1004814480 | The Age of Reason | written by Thomas Paine; published in three parts between 1794 and 1807; was a critique of organized religion, the book was criticized as a defense of Atheism; Paine's argument is a prime example of the rationalist approach to religion inspired by Enlightenment ideals | |
| 1004814481 | anticlericalism | a historical movement that opposes religious (generally Catholic) institutional power and influence in all aspects of public and political life, and the involvement of religion in the everyday life of the citizen | |
| 1004814482 | Deism | religion that rejected original sin of man, denied Christ's divinity but believed in a supreme being that created universe with an order, similar to a clockmaker | |
| 1004814483 | The Unitarian Church | believed God existed in only 1 person, not in the orthodox trinity; stressed goodness of human nature believed in free will and salvation through good works; pictured God as a loving father; appealed to intellectuals with rationalism and optimism | |
| 1004814484 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom; prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement | |
| 1004814485 | Second Great Awakening | the second great religious revival in United States history; tidal wave of spiritual fervor that resulted in prison reform, church reform, temperance movement (no alcohol), women's rights movement, abolition of slavery in 1830s | |
| 1004814486 | "camp meetings" | the first took place at Cane Ridge, Kentucky; was a staple of the Second Great Awakening; were fervent religious revivals that lasted several days and were characterized by great outpourings of religious emotion | |
| 1004814487 | Peter Cartwright | was best known of the "circuit riders" or traveling preachers; best known of the Methodist traveling frontier preachers; ill-educated, strong servant of the Lord who converted thousands with his bellowing voice and flailing arms | |
| 1004814488 | Charles Grandison Finney | the greatest revival preacher who led massive revivals in Rochester, NY; devised the "anxious bench" and other innovations | |
| 1004814489 | "anxious bench" | bench at or near the front of a religious revival meeting where the most likely converts were seated; devised by revival preacher Finney | |
| 1004814490 | Oberlin College | founded by pious New Englanders in Ohio's Western Reserve; radiated a spirit of reform predicated on faith; the first college in America to admit either women or blacks; hotbed of antislavery doctrine; considered very radical in the 1830s | |
| 1004814491 | "Burned Over District" | area of New York State along the Erie Canal that was constantly aflame with revivalism and reform; as wave after wave of fervor broke over the region | |
| 1004814492 | William Miller | the founder of the religious movement that believed that Christ would return to Earth on October 22, 1844; leader of the Millerites; an American Baptist preacher who is credited with the beginning of the Adventism movement | |
| 1004814493 | Millerites | followers of William Miller also known as Adventists; predicted Christ to return to earth on Oct 22, 1844; when this prophesy failed to materialize, the movement lost credibility | |
| 1004814494 | Joseph Smith | in 1830, he claimed to have found golden tablets in NY with the Book of Mormon inscribed on them; came up with the Mormon faith | |
| 1004814495 | The Book of Mormon | a book Joseph Smith claimed to have found in the back of his father's farm, which revealed ancient stories of Hebrews who inhabited the new world; linked Native Americans to the lost tribes of Israel & predicted Christ's Second Coming | |
| 1004814496 | Brigham Young | the successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith; responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Utah, thereby populating the would-be state | |
| 1004814497 | Salt Lake City, Utah | where the Mormons and Brigham young eventually settled | |
| 1004814498 | theocracy | government run by religious leaders | |
| 1004814499 | Horace Mann | fought for better schools; is the "Father of Public Education"; Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; prominent proponent of public school reform; set the standard for public schools throughout the nation | |
| 1004814500 | Noah Webster | American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education; also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language | |
| 1004814501 | William H. McGuffey | created the nations first and most widely used series of textbooks | |
| 1004814502 | McGuffey's Readers | most widely used and distributed series of schoolbooks in America; first published in the 1830s; sold 122 million copies the following decades; taught lessons of morality, patriotism, and idealism | |
| 1004814503 | University of North Carolina | the 1st state-supported university; founded in 1795 by Jefferson; was to be independent of religion or politics | |
| 1004814504 | University of Virginia | one of the earliest state-supported universities, founded in 1819; brainchild of Thomas Jefferson who designed its beautiful architecture; separated it from religion and politics; focused on modern languages and the sciences | |
| 1004814505 | Emma Willard | established Troy Female Seminary in 1821 designed to prepare women for college; early supporter of women's education; published Plan for Improving Education, which became the basis for public education of women in New York | |
| 1004814506 | Troy Female Seminary | first college level school for women in New York; founded by Emma Willard | |
| 1004814507 | Mary Lyon | pioneering women's educator; founded Mount Holyoke Seminary in 1837; was the first college for women | |
| 1004814508 | the 'lyceum" movement | movement that furthered American education, self-improvement, and cultural development | |
| 1004814509 | North American Review | highly intellectual magazine that reflected the post-1815 spirit of American nationalism | |
| 1004814510 | Godey's Ladies Book | written by Sarah Josepha Hale; the first magazine for women to be mass produced in the early 1800's | |
| 1004814511 | Sylvester Graham | an American dietary reformer who was ordained in 1826 as a Presbyterian minister; notable for his emphasis on vegrtarianism and the Temperance Movement; father of the Graham cracker; emphasized a whole-wheat bread and cracker diet | |
| 1004814512 | Dorothea Dix | fought for reform of the mentally insane in her classic petition of 1843; responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada; succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill | |
| 1004814513 | American Peace Society | founded in 1828 by William Ladd; formally condemned all wars, though it supported the U.S. government during the Civil War, WWI, and WWII; dissolved after the United Nations was formed in 1945 | |
| 1004814514 | William Ladd | founded the American Peace Society; made speeches that promoted peace | |
| 1004814515 | American Temperance Society | formed in Boston in 1826; group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drinking problem; first well-organized group created to deal with the problems of drunkards | |
| 1004814516 | Cold Water Army | name for anti-drinking children's clubs; one of many tactics used by the American Temperance Society to reform the drunkard nation, by turning children against alcohol at a young age | |
| 1004814517 | T.S. Arthur | fought for temperance movement; wrote "Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There"; described how a village was ruined by a tavern | |
| 1004814518 | Neal S. Dow | the mayor of Portland, Maine; sponsored a law in 1851 that helped earn his nickname "Father of Prohibition" | |
| 1004814519 | Maine Law of 1851 | prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol; a dozen other states followed Maine's lead; most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within the decade | |
| 1004814520 | "cult of domesticity" | idealized view of women & home; that women were a self-less caregiver for children and refuge for husbands | |
| 1004814521 | "domestic feminism" | a term used by American historians to describe how women's authority was, beginning the mid-19th century, situated within the "separate sphere" of the home; women start to get jobs, get a good education, say 'no' to children (divorce up, children down) | |
| 1004814522 | Lucretia Mott | Quaker activist in both the abolitionist and women's movements; with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she was a principal organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 | |
| 1004814523 | World Antislavery Convention | abolitionist convention held in London in 1840 that refused to seat Lucretia Mott and other women delegates from America because of their gender; Elizabeth Stanton met Mott here | |
| 1004814524 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | member of the women's right's movement in 1840; shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848; read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal" | |
| 1004814525 | Susan B. Anthony | social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association | |
| 1004814526 | Elizabeth Blackwell | first woman to receive a medical degree in the U.S.; first female doctor in the United States; an abolitionist & women's rights activist | |
| 1004814527 | Margaret Fuller | social reformer; leader in women's movement; a transcendentalist; edited "The Dial" | |
| 1004814528 | The Dial | was the publication of the transcendentalists; appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom", "progress in philosophy, and theology and hope that the future will not always be as the past"; edited by Margaret Fuller & Ralph Waldo Emerson | |
| 1004814529 | Angelina and Sarah Grimke | daughters of a South Carolina slaveholder that were antislavery; controversial because they spoke to audiences of both men and women at a time when it was thought indelicate to address male audiences; women's rights advocates as well | |
| 1004814530 | Lucy Stone | formed American Women's suffrage movement; became abolitionist; lecturer for Anti-Slavery Society; disagreed with Susan Anthony & did not want to separate the women's rights movement from the aboltionist/civil rights movement | |
| 1004814531 | Amelia Bloomer | a leader in the temperance and women's suffrage movements; remembered especially for her failed attempt to revolutionize women's clothing through the use of modified trousers under slightly shorter skirts, an attire known as "bloomers" | |
| 1004814532 | Seneca Falls Convention | held in NY in 1848; was a major landmark in women's rights; kicked off the equal-rights-for-women campaign led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony | |
| 1004814533 | Declaration of Sentiments | series of resolutions issued at the end of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848; modeled after the Declaration of Independence; the list of grievances called for economic and social equality for women, along with a demand for the right to vote; called all men and women equal | |
| 1004814534 | Robert Owen | British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment; tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed | |
| 1004814535 | New Harmony, Indiana | wealthy and idealistic textile manufacturer Robert Owen established a utopian communal society here in 1825; this experiment failed | |
| 1004814536 | Brook Farm, Massachusetts | Massachusetts experiment in 1841 where 20 intellectuals committed to Transcendentalism (it lasted until '46) | |
| 1004814537 | Oneida Community | a group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York; practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children; it survived ironically as a capitalistic venture, selling baskets and then cutlery | |
| 1004814538 | eugenics | the study of methods of improving genetic qualities by selective breeding (especially as applied to human mating) | |
| 1004814539 | Shakers | a communistic community (led by Mother Ann Lee); they couldn't marry so they became extinct | |
| 1004814540 | Mother Ann Lee | founded the Shakers who sang and danced as part of their religion, but never married | |
| 1004814541 | Nathaniel Bowditch | United States mathematician and astronomer noted for his works on navigation | |
| 1004814542 | Matthew Maury | oceanographer; produced noteworthy writings on ocean winds and currents that promoted safety, speed, and economy | |
| 1004814543 | Benjamin Silliman | the most influential scientist of the first half of the 19th century; was a pioneer chemist and geologist who taught and wrote brilliantly at Yale College for more than 50 years | |
| 1004814544 | Louis Agassiz | a professor at Harvard College for 25 years who broke paths in biology; studied fossil fish recognized geological evidence that ice ages had occurred in North America | |
| 1004814545 | Asa Gray | the "Columbus of American botany" who taught at Harvard College and published over 350 books, monographs and papers; his textbooks set new standards for clarity and interest | |
| 1004814546 | John J. Audubon | he was an artist who specialized in painting wild fowl; had such works as Birds of America; Audubon Society for the protection of birds was named after him; his depictions of western wildlife contributed to the western population movements | |
| 1004814547 | Gilbert Stuart | United States painter best known for his portraits of George Washington; competed with English artists | |
| 1004814548 | Charles Wilson Peale | colonial painter best known for his portraits of George Washington (painted over 60 portraits of him); also ran a museum for stuffed birds and practiced dentistry | |
| 1004814549 | John Trumbull | an American artist during the period of the American Revolutionary War famous for his historical paintings including his Declaration of Independence; his declaration of independence picture appears on the $2 dollar bill | |
| 1004814550 | Louis Daguerre | he invented the first daguerreotype, an ancestor of primitive photography | |
| 1004814551 | Stephen Foster | United States songwriter whose songs embody the sentiment of the South before the American Civil War;, wrote popular minstrel show tunes such as Oh, Susanna and My Old Kentucky Home | |
| 1004814552 | The Knickerbocker Group | consisted of American literary pioneers Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and William Cullen Bryant; included many prominent authors; named after one of Irving's famous works | |
| 1004814553 | Washington Irving | American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book | |
| 1004814554 | James Fennimore Cooper | a prolific and popular American writer; wrote "The Leatherstocking Tales" | |
| 1004814555 | William Cullen Bryan | wrote Thanatopsis, the 1st high quality poetry in the US | |
| 1004814556 | Transcendentalist Movement | US literary movement that emphasized nature, self-reliance, and greater understanding | |
| 1004814557 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | United States writer and leading exponent of transcendentalism; wrote "The American Scholar" | |
| 1004814558 | Henry David Thoreau | American transcendentalist who strongly opposed slavery; wrote "Walden: Of Life in the Woods" and "Civil Disobedience" | |
| 1004814559 | Walt Whitman | American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, "Leaves of Grass"; was an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry | |
| 1004814560 | John Greenleaf Whittier | Quaker poet; poet laureate of the antislavery crusade; important in influencing social action; cried out against inhumanity, injustice, and intolerance | |
| 1004814561 | James Russell Lowell | Ranks as one of America's better poets; remembered as a political satirist in his "Bigelow Papers" | |
| 1004814562 | Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes | he taught anatomy at Harvard; was a prominent poet, lecturer, essayist, and novelist; wrote "Last Leaf" | |
| 1004814563 | Louisa May Alcott | American writer and reformer best known for her largely autobiographical novel "Little Women" | |
| 1004814564 | Emily Dickinson | United States poet noted for her mystical and unrhymed poems; wrote of the theme of nature in poems | |
| 1004814565 | Edgar Allan Poe | American author who wrote "The Raven" and many short stories; invented modern detective novel and "psychological thriller"; was fascinated by the supernatural and reflected a morbid sensibility | |
| 1004814566 | William Gilmore Simms | the most noteworthy literary figure produced by the South; wrote 82 books; wrote about the southern frontier of colonial days and the South of the Revolutionary War | |
| 1004814567 | Nathaniel Hawthorne | American author who wrote The Scarlet Letter; originally a transcendentalist, but later became a leading anti-transcendentalist | |
| 1004814568 | Herman Melville | American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of "Moby Dick"; considered among the greatest American novels | |
| 1004814569 | George Bancroft | the secretary of the navy; took part in the founding of Annapolis naval academy; called "The Father of American History" because he published six volumes of US history showing patriotism and nationalism | |
| 1004814570 | William H. Prescott | the American historian who published classic accounts of the conquests of Mexico and Peru in the 1840s | |
| 1004814571 | Francis Parkman | an American historian who wrote about the struggle between France and Britain for North America | |
| 1004814572 | John Humphrey Noyes | an American utopian socialist; founded the Oneida Community in 1848 | |
| 1004814573 | utopians | people who wanted to perfect society | |
| 1004814574 | "complex marriage" | John Humphery Noyes led Oneida community based on belief that all members were wedded to each other | |
| 1004814575 | "Bible communism" | Noyes name for his way of doing things in his community | |
| 1004814576 | Putney Association | group of Noyes' first followers named after Putney, Vermont |