Global 9 Global Interactions Unit 3 Flashcards

Early Japan & Feudalism
Mongols
Global trade
Resurgence of Europe
African Civilizations

339087528	Shinto	A Japanese religion whose followers believe that all things in the natural world are filled with divine spirits
339087529	Kami	One the Shinto deities (including mythological beings, spirits of distinguished men, forces of nature): coupled w/ "kazi" meaning Kamikazi = divine wind... Japanese flyers who used their planes as the last "bomb" to attack US ships during WWII
339087530	Shogun	The head of the military government of Japan in the era of the samurai
339087531	Daimyo	The lord of a large agricultural estate in feudal Japan who supported the shogun
339087532	Samurai	Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land (similar to European Knights) Japanese Samurai followed the Code of Bushido
339087533	Code of Bushido	"The Way of the Warrior". Samurai Code of Conduct: Loyalty, Bravery, Honor. Those who broke the Code had to commit ritual suicide called Seppuku in order to restore honor to their families
339087534	Kabuki	A popular type of Japanese drama combined with music, mime and dance, it is the type of theatre in Japan (played buy all male actors)
339087535	Haiku	A form of Japanese poetry with 17 syllables in three unrhymed lines.
339087536	Zen Buddhism	A denomination of Buddhism that stresses exacting spiritual and physical discipline as the path to enlightenment. It blends the ideals of Buddhism from India with Taoism from China. It is predominately practiced in China and Japan. They value peace, simple living, nature and beauty.
339087537	Feudal Japan	The "feudal" period of Japanese history, dominated by the powerful regional families (daimyo) and the military rule of warlords (shogun), stretched from the 12th through the 19th centuries. The Emperor remained but was mostly kept as a figurehead ruling position., Emperor->Shogun-> Daimyo->Samurai-> peasents/farmers + artisans-> merchants (low status but gained influence through wealth) during feudal times women's status declined; inheritance went only to sons
339087538	Tokugawa Shogunate	Shogunate started by Tokugawa Leyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create & maintain their own culture w/o western influence; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal); had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas & Haiku
339087539	Geisha	Highly educated and trained; spoke many languages, played instruments; went to tea houses and served buisness men; Some served as "classy prostitutes" their bodies being sold to the highest bidder
339087540	Genghis Khan	A Mongolian general and emperor of the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries who united the Mongol tribes and forged and empire stretching from China to the Danube River and into Persia; known for his military leadership and great cruelty; He conquered vast portions of northern India as well; 1206 he took the name Genghis Khan meaning Supreme Conquerer/Universal leader
339087541	Golden Horde	Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Called the Goldern horde for the color of their tents; Also known as the Kipchak Horde.
339087542	Kublia Khan	The grandson of Genghis Khan who took in China, 1279 - 1279 - Kublai Khan unites China for the first time in 300 years - Yuan dynasty; grandson of Kublai Khan., -educated in china and liked the chinese culture -advised by literary of China -ruled Mongolia and Northern China, Korea, Tibet and parts of Vietnam --moved capital to Khanbalik -sought to invade Southern China
339087543	Yuan Dynasty	Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368)
339087544	Mughal Dynasty	Established by Babur's grandson Akbar the Great; althought he was Muslim he had tolerant policies and won the support of Hindus; An Indian-Islamic power that ruled the Indian Subcontinent. It began in 1526 and ended in the mid-19th century. British were able to get rid of it by taking advantage of the diversity of India. Name comes from the word "Mongol", because one of the rulers was believed to be Mongolian.
339087545	Akbar the Great	(1542-1605) Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India. He is considered to be their greatest ruler. He is responsible for the expansion of his empire, the stability his administration gave to it, and the increasing of trade and cultural diffusion.
339087546	Pax Mongolia	"Mongol Peace" is a phrase coined by Western scholars to describe the alleged stabilizing effects of the conquest of the Mongol Empire on the social, cultural and economic life of the inhabitants of the vast Eurasian territory they conquered in the 13th and 14th centuries. It was a time of increased global trade and cultural diffusion between East and West
339087547	Marco Polo	Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China (the cour of Kublai Khan) offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.
339087548	Ibn Battuta	Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.
339087549	Decline of the Mongols	Several reasons: lands to large & diverse to govern effectively; great fighters but limited experience at running a government therefore relied on locals who were too often incompetent or corrupt; death of strong leaders such as Kublai Khan; increasing resentment from locals
339087550	Zheng He	An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.
339087551	Canton	One of the 2 port cities where Europeans were permitted to trade with China during the Ming Dynasty, became very important to the global trade. Modern name: Guangzhou
339087552	Mogadishu	A coastal city, on the Indian Ocean that dominated Africa gold trade between about 1100 and 1300; the present-day capital of Somalia.
339087553	Great Zimbabwe	City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a major trading center on the Indian Ocean route and the capital of a large state.
339087554	Cairo	Major Eygptian port city critical to the global trade 1200 - 1500; Middle Eastern merchants would transfer goods to Italian ships
339087555	Venice	An Italian trading city on the Adriatic Sea, in partnership w/ Egypt came to dominate trade helping to make Venetian merchants wealthy; agreed to help the Byzantines' effort to regain the lands in return for trading privileges in Constantinople.
339087556	trade fairs	Held in towns and drew huge crowds because merchants were willing to travel long distances to visit them; Among Items offered were rare fabrics, aromatic spices, and trained animals; Usually held once a yr at specific locations some could last for months; Were scheduled to occur around major holidays or during particular harvest times... Merchants would move from one fair to another for trade fairs The Merchants from Mediteranaen imported spices, groceries, linen, Egyptian paper, pearls, perfumes, and a thousand other rare and choice articles. In exchange they recieved chiefly the precious metals in bars iron, wines, oil, and wax that they would take back to the Med w/ them to trade... this is early international trade; these fairs were not for the average person on an average day - Locals also had weekly local markets and buy locally produced goods.
339087557	Hanseatic League	An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century
339087558	bubonic plague	Also called the Black Death was a deadly disease that spread through Europe and killed one out of every three people; A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. High mortality rate and hard to contain. China - 35 million died Cairo - 7000/day at its peak Europe - 33% of total population died Devastated economies; farm and industrial output declined; demand for higher wages + inflated costs led merchants to try and control costs led to peasant revolts Feudalism declined: monarchs gained power and began to build powerful nations
339087559	Epidemic	The rapid spreading of a disease to many people at one time
339087560	Pandemic	Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
339087561	Crusades	Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.
339087562	Guild	A medieval organization of crafts workers or trades people.
339087563	Apprentices	Young boys who learned skilled trades. They lived with a master craftsman and learned from him.
339087564	capitalism	an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.
339087565	commercial revolution	This was the period of economic and political expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism that occurred in Europe; it was a dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.
339087566	Renaissance	The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history
339087567	humanism	A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
339087568	Michelangelo	An Italian painter, sculptor, and architect of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Among many achievements in a life of nearly ninety years, Michelangelo sculpted the David and several versions of the Pietà, painted the ceiling and rear wall of the Sistine Chapel, and served as one of the architects of Saint Peter's Basilica, designing its famous dome. He is considered one of the greatest artists of all time.
339087569	Leonardo da Vinci	Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).
339087570	Martin Luther	German theologian and leader of the Reformation. Posted his theories on the church door - 95 Thesis; His opposition to the wealth and corruption of the papacy and his belief that salvation would be granted on the basis of faith alone rather than by works caused his excommunication from the Catholic Church (1521). Luther confirmed the Augsburg Confession in 1530, effectively establishing the Lutheran Church.
339087571	95 Thesis	written by Martin Luther in 1517, they are widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Luther used these theses to display his displeasure with some of the Church's clergy's abuses, most notably the sale of indulgences; this ultimately gave birth to Protestantism.
339087572	Protestant Reformation	Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519 w/ Martin Luther's 95 Thesis; It resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England.
339087573	John Calvin	French humanist whose theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans; He believed God was all knowing and everyone was predestined for heaven or hell; Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion
339087574	Ignatius Loyola	This was the man who started the Jesuit movement to help people to find God around the world
339087575	Common Law	A legal system based on custom and court rulings
339087576	Magna Carta	This document, signed by King John of Endland in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights
339087577	Parliament	A legislative assembly in certain countries; example - Great Britain - Parliment is two houses (bicameral) the House of Commons & the House of Lords
339087578	partnerships	Business organizations in which two or more persons share responsibilities, costs, profits, and losses.
339087579	joint stock companies	These were business collaborations in which "subscribers" would buy a percentage of the company, and would get that same percent out of the company's profits. Stock markets were soon developed to trade shares in these companies, which included the Dutch East India Company and the English East India Company.
339087580	bill of exchange	issued by a banker in one city to a merchant who could exchange it for cash in a distant city, thus freeing him from traveling with gold, which was easily stolen
339087581	Raphael	Italian Renaissance painter; studen of Michelangelo & Da Vinci; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.
339087582	vernacular	The everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language or scholarly languages such as Greek and Latin)
339087583	Dante	An Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)
339087584	Miguel de Cervantes	Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616)
339087585	Shakespeare	This English playwright and poet lived and wrote in Elizabethan times, and his works reflected the world of a strong monarchy. (Hamlet, MacBeth) Some plays showed how a single flaw in a ruler can be a disaster, while others had exemplary monarchs with great power and virtue. Considered one of the greatest writers ever Works include: King Lear, A Midsummer nights Dream, Othello, Romeo and Juliet and more
339087586	Machiavelli	Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."
339087587	Johann Gutenberg	German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468); made books more available and cheaper; knowledge is more readily available on subjects such as Medicine and geography
339087588	tithe	an offering of a tenth part of some personal income; generally applied to Catholic Church as a way to "pay for sins" and to assist the poor
339087589	Council of Trent	Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.
339087590	Inquistion	The systematic destruction throught the use of imprisonment and torture of Muslims and Jews, forced them to get out of Spain, or convert to Christianity, or die; was fall of Spain since Jews and Muslims were the merchants and educated population
339087591	anti-semitism	Policies, views, or actions that harm or discriminate against Jews
339087592	witch hunts	80% were single, widowed, 40+ WOMEN. Up to maybe 100,000 people sentenced to burn for witchcraft. Accused of doing perverted stuff with the devil. Bad reputation from CLERGY. Ended partly because SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION reduced SUPERSTITION.
339087593	savanna	grassland with scattered trees; found in tropical regions of Africa, Australia, and South America
339087594	Ghana	First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast.
339087595	Mansa Musa	Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. (p. 376)
339087596	Songhai	this group from the east of Mali built up an army and extended their territory to the large bend in the Niger River near Gao whic became the capital of their empire.
339087597	Axum	Axum was a trading center and a powerful ancient kingdom in northern present-day Ethiopia.
339087598	Swahili	a Bantu language with Arabic words, spoken along the east african coast
339087599	Flanders	Amedieval country in northern Europe that included regions now parts of northern France and Belgium and southwestern Netherlands, became the center of trade for northern Europe and was known for its woolen cloth; Region where the Renaissance began in northern Europe
339087600	West African Kingdoms	Mali, Ghana, and Songhai are examples of these. had a traditional economy. Successful from gold salt trade
339087601	King Henry VIII	King of England from 1509 to 1547 and founder of the Church of England; he broke with the Catholic Church because the pope would not grant him a divorce; seized the monasteries to share their wealth with the middle and upper classes ; rationalized his divorce that he needed an heir and could not marry his brother's wife; divorced his first wife, had his second beheaded, third died, fourth was divorced, five was executed and the sixth was widowed - All in search of a healthy male heir... in the end it was his daughter Elizabeth (from wife #2) became a very capable Queen....