Unit 4: Culture, Language, Religion Flashcards
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| 485765381 | Culture | sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared by members of society ex: American culture | |
| 485765382 | Folk culture | cultural traits such as dress modes, dwellings, traditions, and institutions of usually small, traditional communities ex: Navajo | |
| 485765383 | Popular culture | cultural traits such as dress, diet, and music that identify and are part of today's changeable, urban-based, media-influenced western society ex: wearing jeans | |
| 485765384 | Local culture | group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or community ex: amish | |
| 485765385 | Material culture | the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people ex: salsa dancing to some hispanic cultures | |
| 485765386 | Nonmaterial culture | beliefs, practices, aethetics, and values of a group of people ex: fast paced American lifestyle | |
| 485765387 | Heirarchical diffusion | idea spreads first among the most connected people or places, usually how pop culture spreads ex: fashion-starts with designer ends with public | |
| 485765388 | Hearth | area when an idea or cultural trait originates ex: fashion in New York | |
| 485765389 | Assimilate | process through which people lose originally differentiating traits when they come into contact with another society or culture ex: American Indians | |
| 485765390 | Custom | practice routinely followed by a group of people ex: father walking bride down the aisle | |
| 485765391 | Cultural appropiation | process in which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit ex: natural pharmacueticals | |
| 485765392 | Neolocalism | seeking out of a regional culture and reinvigoration of it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world ex: Makah Indians bringing back the whale hunt | |
| 485765393 | Ethnic neighborhood | neighborhood usually in a larger metropolitan city that is constructed or comprised of a local culture ex: Hasidic Jews in Brooklyn, NY | |
| 485765394 | Commodification | process through which something is given monetary value ex: tourist buses observing the amish | |
| 485765395 | Authenticity | accuracy with which a single stereotypical or typecast image or experience conveys an otherwise dynamic and complex local culture and its customs | |
| 485765396 | Distance decay | effects of distance on interaction ex: Guinness Irish Pubs | |
| 485765397 | Time-space compression | social and psychological effects of living in a world in which time-space convergence has rapidly reached a high level of intensity ex: modern cities will be more connected and ideas are more likely to diffuse here | |
| 485765398 | Reterritorialization | when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves in the context of their local culture and making it their own ex: hip hop overseas | |
| 485765399 | Placelessness | loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next ex: landscape with big box stores, gas stations, restaurants | |
| 485765400 | Global-local continuum | notion that what happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale and vice versa | |
| 485765401 | Glocalization | process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes | |
| 485765402 | Folk-housing regions | region in which the housing stock predominantly reflects styles of building that are particular to the culture of the people who have long inhabited the area ex: New England, Mid Atlantic, and Southern tidewater housing | |
| 485765403 | Diffusion routes | spatial trajectory through which cultural traits or other phenomena spread ex: present cultural landscape where these housing styles spread | |
| 485765404 | Cultural landscape | the visible imprint of human activity of the environment | |
| 485765405 | Language divergence | the differentiation of languages over time and space | |
| 485765406 | Language convergance | people with different languages may meet and the result may be the creation of a different language | |
| 485765407 | Language replacement | traditional languages are replaced or at least significantly modified by the languages of invaders | |
| 485765408 | Conquest theory | language diffused from a hearth as on group moved and overpowered earlier inhabitants | |
| 485765409 | Agricultural theory | language diffused with agriculture from an agricultural hearth | |
| 485765410 | Nostratic language | ancestral language of Indo-European languages and several other language families | |
| 485765411 | Hearth | the source area, or the area where the idea, innovation, characteristic originated | |
| 485765412 | Innovated | person or group responsible for the original idea | |
| 485765413 | Adopter | a person or group that accepts the idea being spread | |
| 485765414 | Agent of Diffusion | the method by which the idea is spread | |
| 485765415 | Barrier | something that prevents or slows the diffusion of an idea -physical: mountain range, desert, ocean -cultural: religion, language -permeable (interrupting): allows the diffusion but slows down -impermeable (absorbing): does not allow for diffusion | |
| 485765416 | Voluntary exposure or adoption | a person or group of people decide to accept or reject an idea | |
| 485765417 | Involuntary exposure or adoption | a person or group of people become adopters whether they want to or not | |
| 485765418 | Relocation | the idea, innovation, characteristics travels with people who migrate to a different location to disseminate from there | |
| 485765419 | Expansion | the idea, innovation, characteristic remains in the hearth as it moves outwards | |
| 485765420 | Contagious | nearly all adjacent people are affected ex: disease, Islam | |
| 485765421 | Hierarchical | diffuses from city to city, and then from city to smaller communities ex: fashions, sushi restaurants | |
| 485765422 | Stimulus | the basic idea is accepted, but not the exact idea ex: fast food | |
| 485765423 | Acceptance rate | generally starts diffusing slowly, then speeds up tremendously, and then slows again | |
| 485765424 | Linguistic diversification | the variation of languages spread throughout the world | |
| 485765425 | Preliterate societies | speak but do not write their language | |
| 485765426 | Language families | a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed long before recorded history | |
| 485765427 | Language subfamily or language branch | collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years | |
| 485765428 | Language group | a collection of languages within a branch or subfamily that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary | |
| 485765429 | Standard language | one that is published, widely distributed, and purposefully taught | |
| 485765430 | Dialects | variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines | |
| 485765431 | Syntax | the way words are put together to form phrases | |
| 485765432 | Cadence | the rhythm of speech | |
| 485765433 | Isogloss | geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs | |
| 485765434 | Mutual intelligibility | two people can understand eachother when speaking | |
| 485765435 | Dialect chains | a set of contagious dialects which the dialects closer to eachother at any place in the chain or more alike and closely related | |
| 485765436 | Sound shift | a slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward toward its origin | |
| 485765437 | Backward reconstruction | the tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" toward the original language | |
| 485765438 | Extinct language | a language without any native speakers | |
| 485765439 | Deep reconstruction | technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that proceeded the extinct language | |
| 485765440 | Renfrew hypothesis | states that Anatolia (Turkey) diffused Europe's Indo-European languages | |
| 485765441 | Lingua franca | language used among speakers of different languages for the purpose of trade and commerce | |
| 485765442 | Pidgin language | people speaking two or more languages are in contact with eachother and combine parts of their languages in a simplified structure and vocabulary | |
| 485765443 | Monolingual states | countries with only one language spoken ex: Japan | |
| 485765444 | Multilingual states | countries with more than one language is in use ex: Canada | |
| 485765445 | Official language | language selected to promote internal cohesion | |
| 485765446 | Global language | common language of trade and commerce used around the world | |
| 485765447 | Place | uniqueness of a location | |
| 485765448 | Toponyms | place name | |
| 485765449 | Religion | sets of traditions and beliefs relating to a god or gods | |
| 485765450 | Monotheistic religions | worship a single deity, a God or Allah | |
| 485765451 | Polytheistic religions | worship more than one god | |
| 485765452 | Animistic religions | centered on the belief that inanimate objects, such as mountains, boulders, rivers, and trees, possess spirits and should therefore be revered | |
| 485765453 | Caste system | social segregation of people on the basis of ancestry and occupation | |
| 485765454 | Pilgrimage | when adherents voluntarily travel to a religious site to pay respects or participate in a ritual site | |
| 485765455 | Sacred sites | places or spaces people infuse with religious meaning | |
| 485777312 | Universalizing religion | actively seek converts | |
| 485777313 | Ethnic religion | does not actively seek converts outside of the group that started the religion |