American Pageant Chapter 12 Flashcards
The American Pageant, 14th Edition
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| 549352148 | Problems with American Military in 1812 | widespread disunity; no burning national anger; the regular army was very bad and scattered and had old, senile generals, and the offensive strategy against Canada was especially poorly conceived; Americans focused on a three-pronged attack that set out from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain, all of which were beaten back | |
| 549352149 | Oliver Hazard Perry | United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812; said famous quote: "We have met the enemy and he is ours" | |
| 549352150 | "Mr. Madison's War" | name given to the War of 1812 by pro-British Federalists; war was opposed by the Federalists | |
| 549352151 | William Henry Harrison | Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe; American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States; first President to die in office | |
| 549352152 | Battle of Thames (1813) | William Henry Harrison won a victory notable for the death of Tecumseh; resulted in no lasting occupation of Canada, but weakened and disheartened the Indians of the Northwest | |
| 549352153 | "We have met the enemy and he is ours" | said by Oliver Hazard Perry after defeating British on Lake Erie | |
| 549352154 | Battle of Lake Erie (1813) | U.S. victory in the War of 1812, led by Oliver Hazard Perry; broke Britain's control of Lake Erie | |
| 549352155 | Thomas Maconough | challenged the British in 1814 on Lake Champlain and forced the British to retreat in the Battle of Plattsburgh | |
| 549352156 | Battle of Plattsburgh (1814) | victory of Commodore Thomas McDonough over a British fleet in Lake Champlain; secured US northern border | |
| 549352157 | "Bladensburg Races" (1814) | Nickname given to the battle at Bladensburg due to Americans running away as fast as they can; however this gave Pres. Madison time to evacuate White House with valuable documents | |
| 549352158 | Fort McHenry | Fort in Baltimore Harbor unsuccessfully bombarded by the British in September 1814; Francis Scott Key, a witness to the battle, was moved to write the words to "The Star-Spangled Banner" | |
| 549352159 | Francis Scott Key | United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812; later it became the Star Spangled Banner | |
| 549352160 | The Star Spangled Banner | national anthem of the United States written by Francis Scott Key; inspired by the battle of Fort McHenry | |
| 549352161 | Andrew Jackson | seventh President of the United States (1829-1837); general in the War of 1812; defeated the British at New Orleans (1815); opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers | |
| 549352162 | Battle of Horseshoe Bend | Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek Indians, eradicating all opposition to American westward expansion | |
| 549352163 | The Battle of New Orleans | General Andrew Jackson quickly rallied his troops and ambushed the British fleet; British army was forced to retreat; This battle was an overwhelming success for the Americans and made General Andrew Jackson a hero; was fought after the peace treaty ending the war of 1812 was signed | |
| 549352164 | The Constitution ("Old Ironsides") | U.S. warship; rallied American morale by defeating and sinking a British ship off the coast of Nova Scotia | |
| 549352165 | Tsar Alexander I of Russia | called the Americans and British to come to peace because he didn't want his British ally to lose strength in the Americas and let Napoleon take over Europe | |
| 549352166 | Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 1814) | John Q. Adams & Henry Clay sent as delegates; ended the War of 1812; set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border; "Not one inch of territory ceded or lost" | |
| 549352167 | "Not one inch of territory ceded or lost" | quote made by John Q. Adams and Henry Clay after Treaty of Ghent was signed | |
| 549352168 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon | |
| 549352169 | John Quincy Adams | delegate sent to help with the Treaty of Ghent; Secretary of State; served as sixth president under Monroe; In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas; The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work. | |
| 549352170 | Henry Clay | delegate sent to help with Treaty of Ghent; distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852; strong supporter of the American System; a war hawk for the War of 1812; assists with Missouri Compromise | |
| 549352171 | Canadian Reaction to Treaty of Ghent | not happy with Americans getting to fish off the Newfoundland Banks; felt betrayed since not even an Indian buffer state had been achieved | |
| 549352172 | "Blue Light" Federalists | derogatory term used by those who believed certain Federalists to have made friendly ("blue-light") signals to British ships in the War of 1812 to warn the British of American blockade runners | |
| 549352173 | Hartford Covention | held in secret by New Englanders who wanted financial assistance form Washington to compensate for lost trade, and an amendment requiring a 2/3 majority for all declarations of embargos, except during invasion.; didn't accomplish anything b/c Treaty of Ghent was signed; last movement by Federalists | |
| 549352174 | North American Review | Intellectual magazine that reflected the post-1815 spirit of American nationalism | |
| 549352175 | Result of War of 1812 | US gained a bit of respect from the rest of the world; American isolationism; Federalist party died out; | |
| 549352176 | Second Bank of United States | chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks; Nicholas Biddle put in charge of it; blamed for the panic of 1819; Jackson fought against this institution throughout his presidency; | |
| 549352177 | Rush-Bagot Treaty | between the U.S. and Britain provided the world's longest unfortified boundary (5,527 mi.) | |
| 549352178 | Washington Irving | wrote Rumpelstiltskin, The Knickerbocker Tales (The Legend of Sleepy Hollow); gained international recognition after War of 1812 | |
| 549352179 | James Fenimore Cooper | wrote The Leatherstocking Tales (The Last of the Mohicans); gained international recognition after War of 1812 | |
| 549352180 | Nationalism After War of 1812 | American writers, painters, artists, etc became popular with painting & books about America; Washington DC rebuilt and better than ever, army & navy strengthened | |
| 549352181 | Stephen Decatur | naval hero of the War of 1812 and the Barbary Coast expeditions; famous for his American toast after his return from the Mediterranean: "Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be in the right; but our country, right or wrong!" | |
| 549352182 | Tariff of 1816 | British competitors dumped their goods onto America at cheap prices; first tariff in U.S. history designed for protection, which put a 20-25% tariff on dutiable imports | |
| 549352183 | American System | created by Henry Clay; 3 point plan: strong banking system, protective tariff, network of roads and canals, to be funded for by the tariffs; South didn't like this | |
| 549352184 | James Monroe | 5th president; begins expansionism including Florida and Missouri; reigns over the Era of Good Feelings | |
| 549352185 | Era of Good Feelings | name for President Monroe's two terms; a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion; since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts | |
| 549352186 | Cumberland Road | first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850; stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois; major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West | |
| 549352187 | Panic of 1819 | 1st depression for the US; Biddle cuts off poorly run banks ("wildcat" banks) from federal business; results in all banks left being well run; major cause was over-speculation in land prices, where the Bank of the United States fell heavily into debt | |
| 549352188 | "The Virginia Dynasty" | between 1789 and 1825, four Virginians held the presidency for thirty-two of thirty-six years: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe | |
| 549352189 | "wildcat" banks | banks of the western frontier; hit hard by the Panic of 1819; Biddle cut off these banks from federal business | |
| 549352190 | Land Act of 1820 | gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash; the West demanded and slowly got cheap transportation as well | |
| 549352191 | Tallmadge Amendment | provided that no more slaves be brought into Missouri and for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already in Missouri; Angry Southerners saw this as a threat figuring that if the Northerners would wipe out slavery in all states; shot down in the Senate | |
| 549352192 | "the peculiar institution" | nickname that white southerners referred to slavery as, meaning that the institution was odd but that it was distinctive, special, since the South was one of the few places in the Western World where slavery still existed, and isolated the South from the rest of American society | |
| 549352193 | The Missouri Compromise | proposed by Henry Clay; Missouri would be admitted as a slave state while Maine would be admitted as a free state, thus maintaining the balance; and all new states north of the 36°30' line would be free, new states southward would be slave states; Jefferson took this as a warning "like a fire bell in the night" | |
| 549352194 | Chief Justice John Marshall | helped to bolster the power of the government at the expense of the states; die-hard Federalist whose decisions on the U.S. Supreme Court promoted federal power over state power; established judicial review, which allows Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional; gave the Supreme Court its powers and greatly strengthened the federal government | |
| 549352195 | "like a fire bell in the night" | Jefferson said this about the Missouri Compromise; saw Northern and Southern conflicts increasing | |
| 549352196 | McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) | federal organizations couldn't be taxed by state institutions | |
| 549352197 | Marbury vs. Madison (1803) | judicial review | |
| 549352198 | Cohens vs. Virginia (1821) | if a federal law is in conflict with a state law, then federal law always wins/takes precedence; same as Fletcher vs. Peck | |
| 549352199 | Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824) | only Congress can control interstate commerce, not individual states | |
| 549352200 | Fletcher vs. Peck (1810) | if a federal law is in conflict with a state law, then federal law always wins/takes precedence; same as Cohens vs. Virginia | |
| 549352201 | Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819) | if you make a written agreement and all parties agree to it, it stands under law no matter how long ago it was made | |
| 549352202 | Treaty of 1818 | put the northern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase at the 49th parallel and provided for a ten-year joint occupation of the Oregon Territory with Britain, without a surrender of rights and claims by neither Britain nor America | |
| 549352203 | Adams-Onis Treaty | also known as Florida Purchase Treaty; Spain ceded Florida and shadowy claims to Oregon in exchange for Texas; U.S. paid $5 million for Florida | |
| 549352204 | Canning Proposal (1823) | British foreign secretary, George Canning, approached the American minister in London proposing that the U.S. and Britain combine in a joint declaration warning the European despots to keep their hands off of Latin American politics; John Q. Adams sent Monroe Doctrine & pretended he never got the letter about this proposal | |
| 549352205 | Russo-American Treaty of 1824 | treaty between Russia and America set the southern borders of Russian holdings in America at the line of 54 degrees- 40', the southern tip of Alaska; fixed the southernmost border of present-day Alaska | |
| 549352206 | Monroe Doctrine | a statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere; created by John Q. Adams | |
| 549352207 | The National Highway | proposed as the first federal highway; construction began in western Maryland in 1811; eventually possible to take the road from Washington all the way to Indiana; extremely durable | |
| 549352208 | "Butternuts" | nickname for poor southern farmers who moved into the Old Northwest in the 1820's; tried to enact black codes to prevent African American settlers, while escaping the slave owner society of the south. | |
| 549352209 | "Yankees" | name southerners used for people of the north | |
| 549352210 | "loose construction" | Constitution is broadly interpreted; belief that the government can do anything that the constitution does not prohibit |