APUSH Chapters 9-12 Vocabulary Flashcards

372060781	agrarian	agricultural, farmer, usually JDR
372060782	Alexander Hamilton	Washington's Secretary of Treasury, Federalist, urged paying off national debt - whiskey tax, national treasury, financial plan
372060783	Alien and Sedition Acts	Naturalization Law: Feds. raised residence requirements for aliens to become citizens. Alien Act: could deport/arrest any suspicious foreigner. Alien Enemy Act: if war with country, can arrest suspicious alien citizens from that country. Sedition Act: anyone who impeded policies of gov. was liable to fine & imprisonment
372060784	assumption	Hamilton wanted federal gov. to assume debts of states as part of his financial plan
372060785	Bank of the United States	promoted by Hamilton, won over, Washington signed bank into law, pro-central gov.
372060786	Bill of Rights	1791: reason many states ratified Constitution, secured freedoms and rights of the people
372060787	cabinet	Washington's was diverse: Jefferson, Hamilton, Knox
372060788	Citizen Genet	landed at Charleston, met JDRs, equipped privateers to fight British in Florida & Canada, went to Philadelphia, Washington rejected his ideas (they endangered neutrality), US granted him citizenship to escape possible execution in France
372060789	compact theory	federal gov. is agent of states, so states can declare laws null & void, expressed in Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions
372060790	Farewell Address	Washington stepped down from presidency, warned against political parties & permanent alliances with foreign nations
372060791	Federalists	Hamilton, national bank, financial plan, federal gov., mostly pro-British, mostly merchants, manufacturers, shippers
372060792	French Revolution	France threw back Austrian armies, declared itself a republic, Feds. nervous that they would have to have some bloodshed in US as well
372060793	Hamilton's Financial Plan	federal gov. would pay state debts, national treasury, imposed duties/taxes (whiskey), national currency
372060794	Henry Knox	Washington's Secretary of War
372060795	implied powers	rights granted to Congress, loose interpretation of Constitution
372060796	Jay's Treaty	Washington sent Jay to England to avoid war, Hamilton sabotaged, impressment, US had to pay off pre-Revolutionary War debts to Britain, Southern JDRs = furious, bad turnout
372060797	Jeffersonian Republicans	strict interpretation, states' rights, no national bank, mostly pro-French, mostly farmers
372060798	John Adams	became 2nd president, Jefferson = his vice, hated Hamilton, sensitive situation with France
372060799	John Jay	first Chief Justice of US, Jay's Treaty
372060800	Judiciary Act of 1789	created effective federal courts (including Supreme Court), did not define powers of each
372060801	Neutrality Proclamation	1793: nation was disunited & weak, Washington declares US's neutrality in war between Britain & France
372060802	nullification	same as compact theory
372060803	Pinckney Treaty	1795: gave US free navigation of Mississippi & north of Florida
372060804	strict construction	JDR policy of adhering to the dictations of the Constitution, if not mentioned, not legal/constitutional
372060805	Thomas Jefferson	opposed national bank, strict interpretation, Democratic-Republican, states' rights, compact theory, appeal to common man, absorbed many major Federalist programs --> smooth transition into presidency
372060806	Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions	1798-99: compact theory, kill Alien & Sedition Laws, KY: Jefferson, VA: Madison - (less extreme)
372060807	Whiskey Rebellion	farmers revolted against Hamilton's excise tax, taxation without representation, Washington sent large army to crush it, showed gov. was strong
372060808	XYZ Affair	Adams sent 3 envoys to France, where they were bribed by French agents --> turned down offer
372060809	Revolution of 1800	thought Jefferson would make BIG changes, peaceful transfer of power, JDRs = "people's party"
372060810	Aaron Burr	tied with Jefferson for president --> lost, killed Hamilton in duel while scheming with Feds. to make NY & New England secede, arrested for treason
372060811	Albert Gallatin	Jefferson's Secretary of Treasury, reduced national debt while balancing budget
372060812	Chesapeake incident	British tried to put blockade around US --> leads US toward war, British attack US ship --> anti-British sentiments
372060813	economic coercion	led to Embargo Act, trying to get country's attention by hurting it financially (Non-Intercourse Act)
372060814	Embargo Act	1807: forbade export of all goods from US to any foreign nation, thought it would hurt Britain & France --> reverse - but US becomes self-sufficient
372060815	Henry Clay	speaker of the House, American System, Great Compromiser, helped guide Missouri Compromise through Congress, Tariff of Abomination, Whig party (anti-Jackson)
372060816	impeachment	power of House of Rep. to make a legal statement of charges against an official
372060817	impressment	illegal seizure of men and forcing them to serve on ships, Napoleon seized US ships that entered British ports --> US = furious
372060818	James Madison	became president in 1809, didn't appear a strong leader, tricked by Napoleon into War of 1812
372060819	John Marshall	Chief Justice, Supreme Court Justice, Fed., pro-capitalist, helped bolster power of gov. at expense of states
372060820	Judicial Review	Supreme Court has power to determine a law's constitutionality
372060821	Judiciary Act of 1801	passed by Feds. on last days of congressional domination, created Fed. judges
372060822	Louisiana Purchase Treaty	1803: doubles size of country, achieved because of national bank
372060823	Macon's Bill #2	1810: permitted US trade with whole world and promised US restoration of trade to France/England if either dropped their commercial restrictions --> duped by Napoleon
372060824	Marbury vs. Madison	power to Supreme Court to review all laws and declare constitutionality (Judicial Review)
372060825	Meriweather Lewis	explored Louisiana territory with Clark & Sacajawea, returned with info about land & people
372060826	midnight judges	Adams appoints Fed. judges before Jefferson becomes president, leaves Fed. stamp on gov.
372060827	mosquito fleet	Jefferson sent ships to North African shore
372060828	Napoleon Bonaparte	Louisiana Purchase, renewed war with Britain, pulled US into War of 1812
372060829	Non-Intercourse Act	1809: repealed Embargo Act, reopened trade with all nations except France & England --> economic coercion
372060830	Orders in Council	London issued to close French ports to foreign shipping (including US) unless they stopped at a British port first
372060831	Tecumseh	1806: organizes Confederacy against whites on their land, disorganized, good orator, thought Indians should live separate from whites
372060832	the Prophet	killed by William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe, fought with Tecumseh
372060833	War Hawks	aggressive Western Congressmen who cried out against the Indian threat on the frontier, call for war against Britain - suspected of supplying Indians with weapons
372060834	William Marbury	one of Adams's midnight judges, Marbury vs. Madison - removed from his position
372060835	Zebulon Pike	explored Mississippi (1805-06), and Southern Louisiana, Pike's Peak
372060836	Adams-Onis Treaty	1819: transcontinental treaty, Spain gave Florida to US, settled border dispute in Texas, triumph of American diplomacy
372060837	American System	1824: Henry Clay, strong banking system, protective tariff to promote manufacturing in North, roads & canals
372060838	Andrew Jackson	killed Indians & British accused of assisting Indians in Florida
372060839	Cohens vs. Virginia	1821: right of Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in all questions involving powers of the federal gov.
372060840	Daniel Webster	Darmouth vs. Woodward, renowned constitutional scholar & lawyer
372060841	Dartmouth College vs. Woodward	1819: state legislature of New Hampshire took over Dartmouth College, college sued to regain control, Dartmouth Charter was protected by Constitution - state couldn't alter
372060842	Era of Good Feelings	3 presidents: Jefferson, Madison, Monroe; no party opposition, after war of 1812, patriotism, US = completely independent, American System
372060843	Fletcher vs. Peck	1810: Sanctity of Contracts over state laws - boost private business, corrupt Georgia legislature, federal law supersedes state law --> GA can't interfere with contract
372060844	Gibbons vs. Ogden	1824: shipping rights on Hudson, Congress can regulate interstate commerce over state rights, power of federal gov. over states
372060845	Hartford Convention	death of Fed. Party, wanted to secede from union, Monroe became president
372060846	internal improvements	result of American system, network of roads & canals
372060847	isolationism	Washingtonian policy of avoiding foreign affairs & entangling alliances
372060848	James Monroe	very popular, Era of Good Feelings, Missouri Compromise, Monroe Doctrine
372060849	John Quincy Adams	Monroe's Secretary of State, wrote Monroe Doctrine
372060850	McCulloch vs. Maryland	implied powers, national bank was necessary to fulfill the gov.'s duties to manage $, creating bank was constitutional, states can't tax a federal institution
372060851	Missouri Compromise	Missouri would be admitted as slave state, Maine admitted as a free state --> maintain balance, new states north of 36°30' line = free, south of the line = slave
372060852	Monroe Doctrine	1823: non-colonization, nonintervention, no trading of colonies in US or Latin America
372060853	nationalism	after war of 1812, art & literature flourished
372060854	non-colonization	Monroe Doctrine - US protected Latin America from imperialist powers
372060855	nonintervention	Monroe Doctrine - US protected Latin America from military intervention
372060856	Ohio Fever	movement of many immigrants after war of 1812 to Ohio Valley - available cheap land, elimination of Indian threat, and need for land by tobacco farmers who exhausted their land
372060857	Rush Bagot Agreement	agreement with England, non-proliferation, limits number of warships in Great Lakes
372060858	sectionalism	South didn't like Tariff of 1816 - only benefited North, same with roads & canals (American System in general)
372060859	Tallmadge Amendment	no more slaves would be brought into Missouri, gradual emancipation of children at age 25 born to slave parents already in Missouri
372060860	Tariffs of 1816	protective tariff on dutiable imports, part of American System, upset the South
372060861	Tippecanoe	William Henry Harrison burned town, killed the Prophet
372060862	Treaty of Ghent	1814: a draw in the war, return to pre-war arrangements, end to hostilities, did not mention impressment!
372060863	William Henry Harrison	attacked Tecumseh & Prophet at Tippecanoe, 1813: brings partial victory, British confederacy crushed, 1814: defeat Napoleon --> Britain goes offensive, Battle of Thames --> defeat British, morale boost
372060864	Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia	1831: federal gov. over state legislature
372060865	Samuel Adams	The "Engineer of the Revolution" who opposed the Constitution because he now distrusted change.
372060866	Virginia	The state in which John Marshall supported the ratification of the Constitution.
372060867	Annapolis Convention	The meeting called by Virginia in 1786 for the purpose of revising the rules of commerce.
372060868	Anti-Federalists	The name that was given to opponents of the Constitution who feared that states' rights would be swallowed up by the new government.
372060869	Articles of Confederation	The first constitution of the U.S. which was passed by Congress in 1777.
372060870	Allen Brothers	Along the northern frontier in the post-Revolution era, Britain conspired with these men in hopes of annexing Vermont.
372060871	Church Disestablishment in Virginia	The post-Revolution struggle to separate religion and government in Virginia.
372060872	Benjamin Franklin	The 81-year-old elder statesman who contributed some of the leadership for the Constitutional Convention.
372060873	Conservative Counterrevolution	The term used by Bailey to describe how the Constitutional Convention delegates had restored the political and economic stability of the colonial years.
372060874	Electoral College	The group designated by the Constitutional Convention to elect the president on behalf of the people.
372060875	Empress of China	The U.S. ship that led the way in 1784 to opening East Asian markets.
372060876	Episcopal Church	The church that grew from the demise of the Anglican Church after the Revolution.
372060877	The Federalist	The essays written in support of the Constitution that remain the most penetrating commentary ever written on the subject.
372060878	Federalists	The name given to supporters of the Constitution in 1787 who wanted a strong central government.
372060879	Pennsylvania	The state whose ratification of the Constitution saw opponents forcibly seated in order to ensure quorum.
372060880	Great Compromise	The agreement at the Constitutional Convention that resulted in the Senate for small states and the House for large states.
372060881	Alexander Hamilton	The youngest of the "Founding Fathers" who at age 32 was advocating a powerful central government.
372060882	Loyalists or Tories	The group of individuals who had many of their holdings confiscated and cut up into smaller parcels after the Revolution.
372060883	John Jay	The Federalist author who was the first chief justice of the Supreme Court.
372060884	Land Ordinance of 1785	The document of 1785 which provided the land of the Ohio River area should be surveyed and divided into townships and sections.
372060885	James Madison	The "Father of the Constitution" who helped author The Federalist.
372060886	Patrick Henry	The Famous but skeptical Virginian who was selected but refused to.
372060887	Massachusetts	The large state whose ratification of the Constitution was secured after assurances that a bill of rights would be added.
372060888	Gouverneur Morris	The Pennsylvania delegate to the Constitutional Convention who spoke more frequently than all others and served as principal draftsman of the document.
372060889	Mutiny of Pennsylvania Troops	The event in 1783 which proved that the new congress could not even protect itself from gross indignities.
372060890	New Hampshire	The state whose ratification of the Constitution was made possible by adjourning their convention until enough opponents' minds could be changed.
372060891	Western Land	The first major dispute our nation had occurred near the end of the Revolution when six states complained about large holdings of this by seven other states.
372060892	New Jersey	The state that proposed a plan at the Constitutional Convention that provided equal representation by states regardless of size or population.
372060893	North African Pirates	The group of people who ravaged American commerce and enslaved Yankee seamen in the Mediterranean during the post-Revolutionary years.
372060894	Northern Border of U.S.	The location of a chain of trading posts held by Britain after the Revolutionary War, presumably because of the failure of American states to carry out treaty requirements with regard to debts and Loyalists.
372060895	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	The post-Revolutionary document that spelled out how new territories could become states equal to the original thirteen.
372060896	Dey of Algers	The African who Bailey called a "Founding Father" because his actions helped give the Constitutional Convention of 1787 a greater urgency.
372060897	Primogeniture	The name for the ancient right of the eldest son to inherit all the property of the father.
372060898	New York	The only state that permitted a manhood suffrage vote for members of the convention ratifying the Constitution.
372060899	Shays' Rebellion	Impoverished farmers demanded cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of mortgage foreclosures. To enforce their demands in 1786-1787, they grabbed their muskets and challenged local authorities in this event.
372060900	Lord Sheffield	The Englishman who argued in the post-Revolution era that seeking American trade was not necessary but that trade would naturally follow.
372060901	Slavetrade Compromise	The argreement in the Constitutional Convention whereby the importation of slaves would cease in 1807.
372060902	Three-Fifths Compromise	The agreement at the Constitutional Convention whereby a slave could be counted as less than one person for purposes of representation.
372060903	Virginia	The state that proposed the plan at the Constitutional Convention that called for representation in Congress based on population.