GAP AP USH Exam Prep 2 Flashcards
Barron's AP US History, partial list
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| 757807143 | Christopher Columbus | -Italian-born navigator who found fame when he landed in the Americas (October 12, 1942) -Set sail on behalf of Spain with three ships: The Nina, The Pinta, and his flagship, The Santa Maria -Originally, he had sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean to find a water route to Asia -Columbus was convinced that he had found the waterway and that the Americas were actually an extension of China -Returned from his expedition with gold, encouraging future exploration | |
| 757807144 | Amerigo Vespucci | -Italian member of a Portuguese expedition -Explored South America -Discovery suggested that the expedition had discovered a "New World" -After an account of Vespucci's 1497 expedition was published, a cartographer mistakenly thought that Vespucci had led the expedition and had landed in the New World before Christopher Columbus; the cartographer named the continent America | |
| 757807145 | Treaty of Tordesillas | -1493 -commitment between Spain and Portugal -created a Papal line of Demarcation, which divided the New World: east of the line for Portugal and west of it for Spain -Portugal also recieved the easternmost part of what is currently Brazil, when it "discovered" the land in 1500 -Later, the Papal line affected colonization in Africa and Asia | |
| 757807146 | New Spain | -Spain's tightly controlled empire in the New World -Mainly located in North and Central America, including the Caribbean and Spanish East Indies -To deal with labor shortages, the Spaniards developed a system of large manors (encomiendas) using Native American slaves under conquistadors -Wih the death of Native American slaves, Spaniards began importing African slaves to supply their labor needs | |
| 757807147 | Mercantilism | -Prevailing economic philosophy of the 1600s that held that colonies existed to serve their mother country -Founded on the belief that the world's wealth was sharply limited and, therefore, one nation's gain was another nation's loss -Each nation's goal was to export more than it imported in a favorable balance of trade; the difference would be made up in their possession of gold and silver, which would make the nation strong both economically and militarily -Mercantilists believed economic activity should be regulated by the government | |
| 757807148 | Queen Elizabeth I | 1533-1603 -Protestant successor to Queen Mary (England) -Popular leader and the first woman to successfully hold the throne -Invested in English raids on the Spanish New World; Spain responded with the Spanish Armada -Established Protestantism in England and encouraged english business | |
| 757807149 | The Spanish Armada | -1588 -Fleet established by King Phillip II of Spain to invade England -The Armada was defeated by the skill of British military leaders and by rough seas during the assault -England's victory over Spanish forces was one of the great achievements of Queen Elizabeth I, as it established England as an emerging sea power -Its defeat helped bring about the decline of the Spanish empire | |
| 757807150 | Charter Colony | -Type of colony in the New World -Colonists were essentially members of a corporation, and electors among the colonists controlled the government based on an agreed-upon charter | |
| 757807151 | Royal Colony | -Type of colony in the New World -had a governor selected by England's king; the governor served in the leadership role and chose additional, lower-ranking officers | |
| 757807152 | Proprietary Colony | -Type of colony in the New World -owned by individuals with direct responsibility to the king; each proprietor selected a governor, who served as the authority figure for the colony | |
| 757807153 | English Puritanism | -Movement by those who wished to reform the Church of England to be more in line with their ideology -Though King Henry VIII had set out to separate his own Church of England from papal authority, many Roman Catholic traditions and practices remained -Puritans rejected these Roman Catholic holdovers and sought to make the English Chuch "pure" -Puritans held Calvinist beliefs, such as predestination and the authority of Scripture over papal authority -Puritanism echoes throughout American culture in the ideas of self-reliance, moral fortitude, and an emphasis on intellectualism | |
| 757807154 | Joint-Stock Company | -A type of businss structure used by some colonial explorers to raise money for their expeditions -These private trading companies sold shares to investors who provided start-up funding -In return for taking on the risk of the investment, investors were paid based on the profits of the expedition -Many modern business structures, such as the American corporation, are founded on principles of this business structure | |
| 757807155 | Dutch West India Company | -The joint-stock company that ran the colonies in Fort Orange and in New Amsterdam, which later became New York -Carried on a profitable fur trade with the Native American Iriquois -Instituted the patroon system | |
| 757807156 | Patroon System | -large states were given to wealthy men who transported at least 50 families to New Netherland to tend the land -few seized the opportunity | |
| 757807157 | Sir Walter Raleigh | -Selected Roanoke Island as the site for the first English settlement -Returned to England to secure additional supplies, but he found the colony deserted upon his return; it is not known what became of the Roanoke settlers -Raleigh abandoned his attempts to colonize Virginia after the failure at Roanoke -Held back by a lack of financial resources and the war with Spain, English colonization in America was impeded for fifteen years | |
| 757807158 | St. Augustine, Florida | -French Protestants (Huguenots) went to the New World to freely practice their religion, and they formed a colony near modern-day St. Augustine, Florida -Spain, which oversaw Florida, reacted violently to the Huguenots because they were trespassers and because they were viewed as heretics by the Catholic Church -Spain sent a force to the settlement and massacred the fort's inhabitants -The settlement at St. Augustine, Florida is considered to be the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States | |
| 757807159 | Jamestown | -Named for James I (1566-1625), Queen Elizabeth's successor in England -James I granted charters for charter colonies in the New World -In 1607, the Virginia Company of London settled Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement -Swampy location led to disease and contaminated water source -Despite its location and hostile relations with Native Americans, John Smith's harsh, charismatic leadership of the colony helped keep it from collapsing -In 1619, African slaves arrived at Jamestown, becoming the first group of slaves to reach a British settlement | |
| 757807160 | Starving Time | -1609-1610 -A period of starvation endured by teh Jamestown colonists -The colonists depended on trade with the local Native Americans for their food supplies -A series of conflicts between the colonists and the Native Americans limited the colonists' ability to trade for supplies and farm their own food -A large number of colonists died and others tried to flee to England; however, boats arriving with supplies from England intercepted the colonists and forced them to return to Jamestown -Additional support from England, the development of new industries, and the creation of new trade partnerships helped ensure the settlement's long-term survival | |
| 757807161 | Indentured Servitude | -Poor workers, convicted criminals, and debtors received immigration passage and fees in return for a number of years at labor on behalf of a planter or company -servants entered into their contracts voluntarily and kept some legal rights -However, servants had little control over the conditions of their work and living arrangements, and the system led to harsh and brutal treatment -It remained the predominant system of labor until the 1670s; Bacon's Rebellion made the practice seem more risky to planters and owners, and improving economic conditions in England decreased the supply of servants -Many owners relied on slave labor instead | |
| 757807162 | John Rolfe | -1585-1622 -English colonist in Jamestown, Virginia -Married Pocahantas -Created process for curing tobacco, ensuring economic success for Jamestown | |
| 757807163 | House of Burgesses | -1619 -Representative assembly in Virginia -Election to a seat was limited to voting members of the charter colony, which at first was all free men; later rules required that a man own at least fifty acres of land to vote -First representative house in America -Instituted the private ownership of land but maintained the rights of colonists | |
| 757807164 | Headright System | -System used by the Virginia Company to attract colonists -It promised them parcels of land (roughly fifty acres) to immigrate to America -Also gave nearly fifty acres for each servant that a colonist brought, allowing the wealthy to obtain large tracts of land -The system solidified the use of indentured servitude for the time being | |
| 757807165 | Separatists | -Puritans who believed the Church of England was beyond saving and that they must break away from it -One group that suffered harrassment from the government fled to Holland and then to America -members of this group traveled on the Mayflower and became known as the Piglrims, a term used for voyagers seeking to fulfill a religious mission | |
| 757807166 | Plymouth | -The Mayflower set sail from Plymouth, England, in September 1620 and landed in Provincetown Harbor, settling in what became Plymouth, Massachusetts -Before landing in the New World, the Pilgrims formed the Mayflower Compact, which provided for a government guided by teh majority -William Bradford (1590-1657) served as the Plymouth Colony's first governor | |
| 757807167 | Massachussetts Bay Company | -1629 -joint-stock company chartered by a group of Puritans escaping King James I -led by John Winthrop, who taught that the new colony should be a model of Christian society -These Puritans carefully organized their venture and, upon arriving in Mass., did not undergo the "starving time" that had often plagued other first-year colonies -The government of Mass. developed to include a governor and a representative assembly | |
| 757807168 | Delaware | -1631 Dutch patroons established the first settlement in Delaware -that settlement was destroyed by Native American attacks -The Dutch West India Company and Dutchmen, including Peter Minuit, began to trade and settle in Delaware during the mid-to-late 1630s -Between 1664 and 1674, Delaware switched between Dutch and English ownership, wnding with English ownership in 1674 | |
| 757807169 | Maryland | -1632 became the first proprietary colony to serve as a refuge for English Catholics George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) applied for the charter to create the Province of Maryland -Calvert's son, Caecilius, helped establish a representative assembly -Marylan passed its Act of Toleration in 1649, guaranteeing religious freedom to all Christians in the colony; this set an important precedent for later characterization of the United States and the Constitution | |
| 757807170 | Anne Hutchinson | -claimed to have had sepcial revelations from God that superseded the Bible, contrary to Puritan doctrine -the leadership of New England accused her of antimonian teachings -tried and banished form Massachussetts Bay Colony -with her followers, she founded Portsmouth in the Aquidneck region (1638) in what is now known as Rhode Island | |
| 757807171 | Antimonianism | -the belief that salvation os attained through faith and divine grace and not through strict adherence to rules or moreal laws | |
| 757807172 | Roger Williams | -1603 to 1683 -Puritan preacher who fled Massachussetts after his views on religious observance became too extreme for the colonists -Williams bought land from the Native Americans and founded Providence in 1636, and it was soon populated by many of his followers | |
| 757807173 | Rhode Island | -formed in 1644 as a combination of Providence, Portsmouth, and other settlements that had sprung up in the area -through Roger Williams, the colony granted complete religious toleration -tended to be populated by exiles and troublemakers and was sometimes calles "Rogue's Island" -suffered constant political turmoil | |
| 757807174 | English Civil War | -1641 to 1651 -Conflict was based in the struggle between King Charles I (son of King James I) and the English Parliament -led to outright conflict between Royalist military forces and forces opposing Charles I -Parliament's victory in 1651 resulted in the trial and execution of Charles I and the exile of his son Charles II -The english monarchy was replaced with the commonwealth of england (1649-1653) and then with a protectorate under Oliver Cromwell's rule (1653-1659) | |
| 757807175 | Sides of the English Civil War | -Charles claimed to rule by divine right; Parliament argues that its membership had rights that were separate from those granted to the king -parliament's members were mostly Puritan and had the backing of the merchant class and lesser land owners -wealthy nobles tended to support Charles I, who opposed Puritans on questions of religion | |
| 757807176 | Connecticut | -corporate colony established in 1662 -Thomas Hooker led a large group of Puritans to settle in the Connecticut River Valley after they had slight religious disagreements with the leadership of Massachussetts -the major colonies in the Connecticut River Valley agreed to unite as the Connecticut Colony | |
| 757807177 | Fundamental Orders | -in 1639, Connecticut Colony formed a set of laws known as the Fundamental Orders -provided for a representative government by those who were permitted to vote -when the corporate colony was established and recognized by england, its charter was founded on the fundamental orders -imporant example of the growth of political democracy | |
| 757807178 | Quakers | -believed human religious institutions were largey unnecessary -thought they could receive revelationg directly form God and placed little importance on the Bible -pacifists and declined to show customary deference to their alleged social superiors -their aggressiveness in denouncing established institutions brought them trouble in both britain and america -opposed slavery and favored decent treatment of Native Americans -elements of the culture would play a role in shaping the characterization of a United States that valued independence and social equality | |
| 757807179 | New York | -Last duth governor of New York was Peter Stuyvesant -after the british conquered the dutch lands in america, english king Charles II gave the title to the lands between New England and Maryland to his brother, James, Duke of York -James was adamantly opposed to representative assemblies -residents continue to call for self-government until James relented, only to break his promise when he became JamesII, King of England | |
| 757807180 | New Jersey | the region that would become New Jersey was ruled as a separate propritary colony; it eventually became a royal colony | |
| 757807181 | The Carolinas | -King Charles II rewarded loyal noblemen with these lands after the 20 year puritan revolution in england -in hoped of attracting settlers, the proprietor planed for a hierarchial society -they experimented with silk manufacturing and with crops such as rice and indigo, but this proved unworkable and the Carolinas grew slowly as a result -large groups of colonists in the Carolinas came from Barbados; the form of slavery that this group employed was very harsh -While North Carolina became a separate colony in 1712, the same proprietors retained ownership -rebellion against the proprietors in 1719 led to royal intervention, and both North and South Carolina became royal colonies in 1729 | |
| 757807182 | William Penn | -1644 to 1718 -founded Pemmsylvania as a refuge for his fellow Quakers -advertised his colony widely in Europe and offered generous terms on land -guaranteed a representative assembly and full religious freedom -settlers flocked to Pennsylvania form all over Europe | |
| 757807183 | Black Slaves in the 1600s | -because black slaved were only a small percentage of the population, they began at almost the same level as indentured servants -later in the century, increased importation and population of blacks in the southern colonies began -slaves, called "chattel," came to be seen as lifelong property whose status would be inherited by their children | |
| 757807184 | Before John Locke | -Isaac Newton theorized Natural Law in the realm of science -Locke followed Newton by trying to identify Natural Law in the human realm -there had previously been a theory of social contract in which people would accept certain restrictions on themselves for the benefit of their society, and these restrictions would be upheld by a sovereign power | |
| 757807185 | John Locke | -1632 to 1704 -major English political philosopher of the Enlightenment -his assertion of Natural Law changed the perspective of the social contract theory -believed that if life, liberty, and property were not protected, governments could be overthrown justly -his ideas became the indirect theory of American political activity for leaders such as Benjamin Franklin, and they influenced Thomas Jefferson in writing the Declaration of Independence | |
| 757807186 | Triangular Trade (Atlantic Trade) | -created as a result of mercantilism -european merchants purchased african slaves with good manufactured in europe or imported from asian colonies -these merchants sold slaved in the caribbean for commodities (sugar, cotton, tobacco) -caribbean commodities were late sold in europe and North America -trade thrived because each partner could get the resources it wanted by exchanging resources that it had available | |
| 757807187 | Navigation Acts | -dictated that certain goods shipped from a New World port were to go only to Britain or to another New World port -served as the foundation of england's worldwide commercial system -came out of the economis philosophy of mercantilism -though it was meant to benefit the whole british empire, its provisions helped some New World colonies at the expense of others -intended as a weapon in england's ongoing struggle against its rival, Holland -led to increased tension between britain and the colonies | |
| 757807188 | Effects of the Navigation Acts | -boosted the prosperity of New Englanders, who engaged in large-scale shipbuilding -hurt the residents of the Chesapeke by driving down the price of tobacco -transferred wealth from america to britain by increasing the prices americans had to pay for british goods and lowering the prices americans received for the goods they produced -mercantilism also helped bring on a series of wars between england and holland in the late 1600s | |
| 757807189 | Bacon's Rebellion | -1676 -Virginia's Royal governor, William Berkeley, received strict instructions to run the colony for the benefit of Britain -Nathaniel Bacon was a leader of colonial frontiersmen in Virginia -Bacon objected to the rights granted to Virginia's wealthy inner circle and was angered by Governor Berkeley's inability to protect Virginia from attacks by the Native Americans -Bacon commanded two unauthorized raids on Native American tribes, increasing his popularity; Berkeley had him arrested -Soon after, Bacon gathered his forces, opposed the Royal governor, and set fire to Jamestown to defend his forces' position -Berkely ended the rebellion with te aid of British military forces -After Bacon's rebellion, American colonies turned increasingly away from indentured servants and toward slave labor | |
| 757807190 | New Hampshire | -king charles II established it as a royal colony -the colony remained economically dependent on Massachussetts, and britain continued to appoint a single person to rule both colonies until 1741 -weeks before the signing of the declaration of independence by the second continental congress, New Hampshire established a temporary constitution for itself that proclaimed its independence from britain | |
| 757807191 | Dominion of New England | -an administrative body created by king james II that oversaw british colonies in the new england colonies -put in place to implement the navigation acts and to assist the colonies in defending themselves against french and native american forces -the dominion governor-in-chief, edmund andros, outlawed |