CLEP Biology Chemistry of Biology Flashcards
Study items for Chemistry of Biology on the clep exam.
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| 149110244 | atoms | The building blocks of all matter. | 0 | |
| 149110245 | properties of matter | results of the structure of atoms and their interactions with each other. | 1 | |
| 149110246 | element | A substance that can't be broken down into any other substance. The simplest form of an element is an atom. | 2 | |
| 149110247 | Protons | Positive charged particles in the nucleus of an atom. | 3 | |
| 149110248 | Neutron | Neutral charged particles in the nucleus of an atom. | 4 | |
| 149110249 | electrons | Negative charged particles of an atom. They orbit the nucleus. They have much less mass than protons and neutrons. | 5 | |
| 149110250 | Nucleus | Center of an atom. The number of protons in the nucleus is the same as the atomic number on the periodic table of elements. | 6 | |
| 149110251 | Uncharged atom | An atom that has the same number of protons and electrons. | 7 | |
| 149110252 | Electron cloud | Also referred to as the electron shell and orbital. It is the 3 dimensional space that electron orbit the nucleus. | 8 | |
| 149110253 | Energy level | The amount of energy in a electron cloud. The weakest level is the shell closest to the nucleus. As the shell gets stronger more electrons may fill it. Electron fill the shell closest to the nucleus. | 9 | |
| 149110254 | Valence shell | The last shell of the electron cloud. Atoms are more stable when this shell is full. | 10 | |
| 149110255 | Covalent bond | a chemical bond between atoms when they share electrons between their valence shells. These are the strongest chemical bonds. | 11 | |
| 149110256 | What is the strongest chemical bond? | A Covalent bond. | 12 | |
| 149110257 | molecule | two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond. | 13 | |
| 149110258 | compound | When two or more atoms form a unique substance via a chemical bond. Water is an example. | 14 | |
| 149110259 | ion | A charged atom. More protons that electrons makes a positive ion and more electrons than protons makes a negative ion. | 15 | |
| 149110260 | ionic bond | When positive and negative ions are attracted to each other. Weaker than a covalent bond. Table salt is an ionic bond. | 16 | |
| 149110261 | polar molecules | molecules that have regions of a partial charge. Water molecules have a positive hydrogen charge. | 17 | |
| 149110262 | Hydrogen bond | The force of attraction between water molecules that hold them together . A weak chemical bond. | 18 | |
| 149110263 | Chemical reaction | When two or more molecules react with each other to form one or more moleculte types. | 19 | |
| 149110264 | Reactants | The reacting molecules of a chemical reaction. | 20 | |
| 149110265 | Products (Chemical Reaction) | The result of a chemical reaction. | 21 | |
| 149110266 | Decomposition (Chemical reaction) | In a chemical reaction when a compound breaks down into components | 22 | |
| 149110267 | Combination (Chemical reaction) | When compounds combine. | 23 | |
| 149110268 | Replacement | When a compund breaks apart and forms a new compund with a free reactant. | 24 | |
| 149110269 | Endothermic reaction | A reaction that requires energy | 25 | |
| 149110270 | Exothermic reaction | A reaction that produces energy | 26 | |
| 149110271 | First law of thermodynamics | That matter and energy is neither created nor destroyed. | 27 | |
| 149110272 | Second law of thermodynamic | All reaction spread energy which tend to diminish it's availability. | 28 | |
| 149110273 | A compund that is able to dissolve many types of organic and inorganic compunds | Water. | 29 | |
| 149110274 | acid | A chemical that donates protons when dissolved in water. Below 7 on the pH scale | 30 | |
| 149110275 | base | A chemical that accepts protons when dissolved in water. Above 7 on the pH scale. | 31 | |
| 149110276 | Neutralize each other when combined in water. | Acids and bases. When combined in water they produce water and a salt (ionic compound) | 32 | |
| 149110277 | Organic compounds | compounds that contain carbon. | 33 | |
| 149110278 | Organic molecules | contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosporus, and some metal ions. | 34 | |
| 149118089 | Carbohydrates | Made of Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The Ratio of H and O is always 2:1. Just like water. | 35 | |
| 149118090 | Sugar | A type of carbohydrate | 36 | |
| 149118091 | Starch | A type of carbohydrate | 37 | |
| 149118092 | monosaccharide | The basic sugar unit. | 38 | |
| 149118093 | hexo monosaccharide | six carbon sugars. The most commone monosaccharide. They are usually ring shaped. | 39 | |
| 149118094 | disaccharide | When two monosaccharide units form together. Glucose and fructose make table sugar. A water molecule is liberated when one is formed. | 40 | |
| 149118095 | trisaccharide | When threee monosaccharide's combine. | 41 | |
| 149118096 | polysaccharide | When four or more monosaccharide's combine. | 42 | |
| 149118097 | Starches | A polysaccharide. Plant's store starches in their cell's for future energy. Also used for structure in a plant's cell. The most common is cellulose | 43 | |
| 149118098 | Cellulose | Most common starch in a plant cell. It is a long chain of water insoluable polysaccharides | 44 | |
| 149118099 | Glycogen. | A polysaccharide made of joined glucose units. Used by many animals for short term energy. Found in muscle and liver tissue. | 45 | |
| 149118100 | lipids | Organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Ratio of H to O is alway greater than 2:1. Includes waxes, steroids, phospholipids, and fats. | 46 | |
| 149118101 | phospholipids | form components of cel membranes. | 47 | |
| 149118102 | waxes. | provide a moisture barrier. | 48 | |
| 149118103 | Fats | long term energy storage. | 49 | |
| 149118104 | proteins | In every living cell. Large chains of amino acids. | 50 | |
| 149118105 | monomer | a single amino acid | 51 | |
| 149118106 | polymers | connected monomers (Amino Acids). | 52 | |
| 149118107 | Amino Acids | Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur and phospoirus. 20 common amino acids that make thousands of different proteins. | 53 | |
| 149118108 | peptide bonds | The bond that holds monmers together to form polymers. | 54 | |
| 149118109 | polypeptide | Another name for proteins. Nameds this because of the peptide bonds that monomers use to connect together. | 55 | |
| 149118110 | Enzymes | A special protein. It functions as a catalyst for reactions | 56 | |
| 149118111 | Catalyst | A substance that changes the speed of a reaction. The catalyst is not affected at all during this reaction. All catalyst end in -ase. | 57 | |
| 149118112 | -ase (Ending of compound) | This is a catlyst. All catalysts end with this. | 58 | |
| 149118113 | Nucleic Acids | DNA and RNA. These are polymers (proteins) | 59 | |
| 149118114 | DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid. Two strands that pair up via a hydrogen bond. They form a double helix shape. | 60 | |
| 149118115 | RNA | ribonucleic acid. Generally a single strand | 61 | |
| 149118116 | nucleotides | monomers that form nucleic acids. Each one has a sugar group and a phosphate group with a nitrogen base. | 62 | |
| 149118117 | deoxyribose | sugare molecule in DNA | 63 | |
| 149118118 | ribose | sugar molecule in RNA | 64 | |
| 149118119 | Watson Crick model | The double helix model of DNA. | 65 |