APUSH Ch.1-4 Test Flashcards

Ch.1-4's key terms, people to know, and important facts

436918119	Canadian Shield	a zone undergirded by ancient rock, probably the first part of what became the north american landmass to have emerged above sea level
436918120	Incas	highly advanced south american civilization that occupied present day peru until it was conquered by spanish forces under francisco pizarro in 1532; developed sophisticated agricultural techniques so sustain large, complex societies
436918121	nation-state	modern form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity
436918122	Aztecs	native american empire that controlled present-day mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernán Cortés; maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute, and came to be known for their advances in mathematics and writing, and their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies
436918123	cahokia	mississippian settlement near present-day east st.louis, home to as many as 25,000 native americans
436918124	three-sister farming	agricultural system employed by north american indians as early as 1,000 A.D.; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields
436918125	middlemen	in trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers
436918126	caravel	small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails
436918127	plantation	large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crop and usually employing coerced or slave labor
436918128	Columbian Exchange	the transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492
436918129	Treaty of Tordesillas	signed by spain and portugal, dividing the territories of the New World; spain received the bulk of territory in the americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia
436918130	conquistadores	spanish conquerors or adventurers in the americas
436918131	capitalism	economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets
436918132	encomienda	spanish labor system in which persons were help to unpaid service under the permanent control of their masters, though not legally owned by them
436918133	noche triste	"sad night", when the aztecs attacked hernán cortés and his forces in the aztec capital, tenochitlán, killing hundreds; cortés laid siege to the city the following year, precipitating the fall of the aztec empire and inaugurating three centuries of spanish rule
436918134	mestizos	people of mixed indian and european heritage, notably in mexico
436918135	Battle of Acoma	fought between spaniards under don juan de oñate and the pueblo indians in present-day new mexico; spaniards brutally crushed the pueblo peoples and established the territory as new mexico in 1609
436918136	Popé's Rebellion	pueblo indian rebelión that drove spanish setters from new mexico
436918137	Black Legend	false notion that spanish conquerors did little but butcher the indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ
436918138	Ferdinand of Aragon	kingdom of spain became united when "insert name here" married isabella of castile (both sovereigns)
436918139	Isabella of Castile	kingdom of spain became united when "insert name here" married ferdinand of aragon (both sovereigns)
436918140	Christopher Columbus	italian seafarer who persuaded spanish monarchs to provide him with 3 ships and a crew; 1492, him and his crew landed on an island in the bahamas; thought he had reached the indies
436918141	Francisco Coronado	...
436918142	Francisco Pizarro	...
436918143	Bartolomé de Las Casas	...
436918144	Hernán Cortés	...
436918145	Malinche (Doña Marina)	...
436918146	Moctezuma	...
436918147	Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)	english sent "insert name here" to explore the northeastern coast of north america in 1497 and 1498
436918148	Robert de La Salle	...
436918149	Father Juniper Serra	...
436918150	Protestant Reformation	movement to reform the catholic church launched in germany by martin luther; reformers questioned the authority of the pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, and encouraged the translation of the bible from latin, which few at the time could read; the reformation was launched in england in the 1530s when king henry viii broke with the roman catholic church
436918151	Roanoke Island	sir walter raleigh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of north carolina
436918152	Spanish Armada	spanish fleet defeated in the english channel in 1588; defeat of the "insert word here" marked beginning of the end of the spanish empire
436918153	primogeniture	legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land; landowner's younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the americas
436918154	joint-stock company	short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund england's early colonial ventures
436918155	Virginia Company	english joint-stock company that received a charter from king james i that allowed it to found the virginia colony
436918156	charter	legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations; british colonial "insert word here" guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of englishmen, which helped solidify colonists' ties to britain during the early years of settlement
436918157	Jamestown	1607; first permanent english settlement in north america founded by the virginia company
436918158	First Anglo-Powhatan War	series of clashes between the powhatan confederacy and english settlers in virginia; english colonists torched and pillaged indian villages, applying tactics used in england's campaign against the irish
436918159	Second Anglo-Powhatan War	last-ditch effort by the indians to dislodge virginia settlements; the resulting peace treaty formally separated with and indian areas of settlement
436918160	House of Burgesses	representative parliamentary assembly created to govern virginia, establishing a precedent for government in the english colonies
436918161	Act of Toleration	passed in maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of jesus christ; ensured that maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of catholic migrant throughout the colonial period
436918162	Barbados slave code	first formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters; similar statutes are adopted by southern plantation societies on the north american mainland in the 17th and 18th centuries
436918163	squatters	frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement; many of north carolina's early settlers were "insert word here", who contributed to the colony's reputation as being more independent-minded and "democratic" than its neighbors
436918164	Iroquois Confederacy	bound together five tribes--the mohawks, the oneidas, the onondagas, the cayugas, and the senecas--in the mohawk valley of what is now new york state
436918165	Tuscarora War	began with an indian attack on newbern, north carolina; after the tuscaroras were defeated, remaining indian survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the iroquois confederacy as its sixth nation
436918166	Yamasee Indians	defeated by the south carolinians in the war of 1715-1716; the defeat devastated the last of the coastal indian tribes in the southern colonies
436918167	buffer	in politics, a territory between two antagonistic powers, intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them; in british north america, georgia was established as a "insert word here" colony between british and spanish territory
436918168	Henry VIII	...
436918169	Elizabeth I	...
436918170	Sir Francis Drake	...
436918171	Sir Walter Raleigh	...
436918172	James I	...
436918173	Captain John Smith	...
436918174	Powhatan	...
436918175	Pocahontas	...
436918176	Lord De La Warr	...
436918177	John Rolfe	...
436918178	Lord Baltimore	...
436918179	Oliver Cromwell	...
436918180	James Oglethorpe	...
436918181	Hiawatha	...
436918182	Calvinism	dominant theological credo of the new england puritans based on the teachings of john calvin; "insert word here" believe in predestination--that only "the elect" were destined for salvation
436918183	predestination	calvinist doctrine that god has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned; though their fate was irreversible, calvinists, particularly those who believed they were destined for salvation, sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others that they were in fact members of the "elect"
436918184	conversion	intense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the "elect," or the "visible saints"; calvinists who experienced "insert word here" were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvation
436918185	Puritans	english protestant reformers who sought to purify the church of england of catholic rituals and creeds; some of the most devout "insert word here" believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership
436918186	Separatists	small group of puritans who sought to break away entirely from the church of england; after initially settling in holland, a number of english "insert word here" made their way to plymouth bay, massachusetts in 1620
436918187	Mayflower Compact	agreement to form a majoritarian government in plymouth, signed aboard the mayflower; created a foundation for self-government in the colony
436918188	Massachusetts Bay Colony	established by non-separating puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the new england colonies
436918189	Great Migration	migration of 70,000 refugees from england to the north american colonies, primarily new england and the caribbean; the 20,000 migrants who came to massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose--to establish a model christian settlement in the new world
436918190	antinomianism	belief that the elect need not obey the law of either god or man; most notably espoused in the colonies by anne hutchinson
436918191	Fundamental Orders	drafted by settlers in the connecticut river valley, document was the first "modern constitution" establishing a democratically controlled government; key feature of the document were borrowed for connecticut's colonial charter and later, its state constitution
436918192	Pequot War	series of clashes between english settlers and pequot indians in the connecticut river valley; ended in the slaughter of the pequots by the puritans and their narragansett indian allies
436918193	King Philip's War	series of assaults by metacom, king "insert name here", on english settlements in new england; the attacks slowed the westward migration of new england settlers for several decades
436918194	New England Confederation	weak union of the colonies in massachusetts and connecticut led by puritans for the purposes of defense and organization, an early attempt at self-government during the benign neglect of the english civil war
436918195	English Civil War	armed conflict between royalists and parliaments, resulting in the victory of pro-parliament forces and the execution of charles i
436918196	Dominion of New England	administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of new england, new york, and east and west jersey; placed under the rule of sir edmund andros who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents without their consent, and strictly enforced navigation laws; its collapse after the glorious revolution in england demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control
436918197	Navigation Laws	series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only english ships would be allowed to trade in english colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through england
436918198	Glorious (or Bloodless) Revolution	relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular catholic monarch, james ii, replacing him with dutch-born william iii and mary, daughter of james ii, william and mary accepted increased parliamentary oversight and new limits on monarchial authority
436918199	salutary neglect	unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of navigation laws; lasted form the glorious revolution to the end of the french and indian war in 1763
436918200	patroonships	vast tracts of land along the hudson river in new netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing fifty settlers to the property
436918201	Quakers	religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic indian policy, who settled heavily in pennsylvania in the 17th and 18th centuries
436918202	blue laws	also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality; "insert word here" were passed across the colonies, particularly in puritan new england and quaker pennsylvania
436918203	Martin Luther	...
436918204	John Calvin	...
436918205	William Bradford	...
436918206	John Winthrop	...
436918207	Anne Hutchinson	...
436918208	Roger Williams	...
436918209	Massaoit	...
436918210	Metacom (King Philip)	...
436918211	Charles II	...
436918212	Sir Edmund Andros	...
436918213	William III	...
436918214	Mary II	...
436918215	Henry Hudson	...
436918216	Peter Stuyvesant	...
436918217	Duke of York	...
436918218	William Penn	...
436918219	indentured servants	migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically between four and seven years; their migration addressed the chronic labor shortage in the colonies and facilitated settlement
436918220	headright system	employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony
436918221	Bacon's Rebellion	uprising of virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by planter nathaniel bacon; initially a response to governor william berkeley's refusal to protect backcountry settlers from indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite
436918222	Royal African Company	english joint-stock company that enjoyed a state-granted monopoly on the colonial slave trade from 1672 until 1698; the supply of slaves to the north american colonies rose sharply one the company lost its monopoly privileges
436918223	middle passage	transatlantic voyage slaves endures between africa and the colonies; mortality rates were notoriously high
436918224	slave codes	set of laws defining racial slavery beginning in 1662, including establishing the hereditary nature of slavery, and legally limiting the right and learning of slaves
436918225	New York slave revolt	uprising of approximately two dozen slaves that resulted in the deaths of non whites and the brutal execution of twenty-one participating blacks
436918226	South Carolina slave revolt (Stono River)	uprising, also known as the stone rebellion, of more than fifty south carolina black along the stone river; the slaves attempted to reach spanish florida but were stopped by the south carolina militia
436918227	Congregational Church	self-governing puritan congregations without the hierarchical establishment of the anglican church
436918228	jeremiad	often-fiery sermons amending the waning piety of parishioners first delivered in new england in the mid-seventeenth century; named after the doom-saying old testament prophet jeremiah
436918229	Half-Way Covenant	agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children; signified a waning of religious zeal among second and third generation puritans
436918230	Salem witch trials	series of witchcraft trials launched after a group of adolescent girls in salem, massachusetts, claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women of the town; twenty individuals were put to death before the trials were put to and end by the governor of massachusetts
436918231	Leisler's Rebellion	armed conflict between aspiring merchants led by jacob leisure and the ruling elite of new york; of of many uprisings that erupted across the colonies when wealthy colonists attempted to recreate european social structures in the new world
436918232	William Berkeley	...
436918233	Nathaniel Bacon	...
436918234	Anthony Johnson	...