AP U.S.history ch 11-13 Flashcards

518714741	Vice president of Thomas Jefferson by turning NY in favor of him. Dropped from cabinet in second term to join group of federalist extremists 2 plot succession on New England. Shot Hamilton in duel when he foiled plans	Vice president of Thomas Jefferson by turning NY in favor of him. Dropped from cabinet in second term to join group of federalist extremists 2 plot succession on New England. Shot Hamilton in duel when he foiled plans
518714742	John Quincy Adams	6th president of the United States father of modern navy- refused to go to war with France
518714743	samuel chase	supreme court justice of whom the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's decision regarding Marbury; was not removed due to a lack of votes in the Senate. 1804
518714744	toussaint l' ouveture	lead ex slaves on santo dominico island against napolean. While eventually dereated, his resistance never allowed Napolean to capture the island. No island, no need for louisiana
518714745	the prophet	Attacked advancing governoer of indiana territory and his army. The Prophet and his army were defeated at the battle of Tipacanoe
518714746	Tecumseh	Tecumseh and the prophet put together Indian confederacy of all tribes east of the missisippi. Told supporters to never sell land- death if they did
518714747	James Madison	4th president of the U.S.
518714748	Napolean Bonaparte	Got Missippi from Spain, later sold land to U.S. when he abandon idea of new world empire
518714749	John Marshal	Was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and he established the ideal of Judicial review and determining whether a law is constitutional or not through his ruling (checked Legislature and Executive) Committed to federalist ideas
518714750	zebulon Pike	Leader 1807 southern expedition in the Louisiana Territory
518714751	Robert Livingston	American minister in France who negotiated Louisiana purchase for 15 million
518714752	Albert Gallatin	Jefferson's Secretary of Treasury who was a financial wizard - reduced govt. spending through careful management. Did not tamper with federalist programs for funding public debt
518714753	William clark and Meriwether Lewis	explored northwestern part of purchase in 2.5 year expedition. Clark was a young army officer
518714754	Thomas Jefferson	A prominent statesman, Thomas Jefferson became George Washington's first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, Jefferson took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government. As the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809, Jefferson organized the national government by Thomas Jefferson Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality. Sent out Lewis and Clark Expedition
518714755	Mosquito Fleet	Jefferson's navy of small boats/ coastal craft Numbered about 200. Frail and vulnerable
518714756	Non intercourse act	1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.
518714757	Embargo act	signed by thomas jefferson in 1807 - stop export of all american goods and american ships from sailing for foreign ports. Retalliation of chesapeake insident
518714758	Louisiana Purchase	Napolean trying 2 end 20 month conflict with Britain and feared U.S. alliance with Britain. Needed $ and this would improve U.S./France relations
518714759	Marbury vs. Madison	The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, in this case the Judiciary Act of 1789.
518714760	Chesapeake incident	An Incident that took place in 1807 off the coast of Virginia. A royal frigate overhauled a U.S frigate and demanded the surrender of four alleged deserters. The American commander refused the request. The British warship thereupon fired three devastating broadsides at close range killing three Americans and wounding eighteen. Significance: This incident aggravated the Americans and raised tension between the two countries. It also was a major event leading to the war of 1812.
518714761	midnight judges	The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.
518714762	Revolution of 1800	Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."
518714763	Orders in council	British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods.
518714764	Judiciary Act 1801	a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists, One of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. This was Adams's last attempt to keep Federalists power in the new Republican Congress. His goal was for federalists to dominate the judicial branch of government.
518714765	Judiciary act 1789	established a Supreme Court and district courts (1789)
518714766	War hawks	Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand. Wanted to remove indian threat from pioneer
518714767	Macon's bill no.2	1810 - said if either nation repealed its restrictions on neutral shipping the US would halt trade with the other. The law lifted all embargoes with Britain and France (for three months). If either one of the two countries ceased attacks upon American shipping, the United States would end trade with the other, unless that other country agreed to recognize the rights of the neutral American ships as well
518714768	economic coercion	Jefferson came up with the Embargo Act which cut off all trade with all countries. Jefferson hoped this would force the English to come to his terms and stop stealing American sailors. This, however, did not work and greatly hurt American trade.
518714769	impressment	British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service
518714770	impeachment	a formal accusation of misconduct in office against a public official- Republicans tried to throw out federalist Samuel Chase
518714771	Judicial Review	The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional
518714772	patronage	(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support
518714773	CHAPTER 12	...
518714774	James Monroe	He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars. Took tour in 1817 to inspect millitary defenses
518714775	John Quincy Adams	6th U.S. President. 1825-1829. Democratic-Republican. Secretary of State under Monroe. Skilled diplomat as evidenced by the Adams-Onis Treaty (got Florida) and the Treaty of Ghent. Wrote the Monroe Doctrine. Accused of winning the presidency with a "corrupt bargain" with Clay.
518714776	Francis Scott Key	United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812. The poem later became the Star Spangled Banner.
518714777	Thomas Macdonough	naval officer who forced the invading British army near Plattsburgh to retreat on September 11, 1814; He saved the upper New York from conquest.
518714778	Oliver Hazard Perry	"We have me the enemy, and they are ours." Naval hero during the War of 1812. Won battle on Lake Erie against the British. Redcoats forced to retreat from detroit
518714779	James Madison	4th U.S. President from 1809-1817. Democratic-Republican, Strict constructionist, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812
518714780	John Marshall	created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court- appointed by john Adams
518714781	Daniel Weber	defended New England's shipping interest, known as the only person who served as secretary of state throughout 3 presidencies, also known as being an influential Whig leader of the second party system. Senator who spoke of his federal and national philosophy before senate and supreme court- kept state on new Hampshire college funding that was started by king george 3rd in 1769. Faught for states rights
518714782	nationalism	love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it
518714783	Russo- American Treaty of 1824	This treaty between Russia and America set the southern borders of Russian holdings in America at the line of 54 degrees- 40', or the modern southern tip of Alaska.
518714784	nonintervention	a foreign policy of staying out of other countries' disputes
518714785	noncolonization	Noncolonization is part of the Monroe Doctrine that was written in 1823. Noncolonization said that America was closed to anymore colonization. A colonization attempt by anyone would be deemed a threat to the United States. It was created by the U.S. to protect the Western Hemisphere.
518714786	Andrew Jackson	crushed southwest indians at battle of horseshoe bend. Placed in command to defend New Orleans. British tried frontal attack and failed- lost 2000 men vs 70
518714787	Treaty of 1818	the upper most border of the U.S. at 49th parallel, Treaty between Britain and America, it allowed the Americans to share coveted the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years.
518714788	Dartmouth College VS woodward	Marshall ruled that Dartmouth College's charter that had been granted by King George was to be upheld because it was a contract. Set precedent for protecting businesses from state governments. Example of federal law surpassing state law.
518714789	Fletcher Vs peck	Supreme Court could invalidate could invalidate state by confliction with federal constitution Georgia's sale of thirty-five million acres of land was repealed after public protests about its illegitimacy. Marshall ruled the original transaction binding because state governments had not right to "impair," or interfere with, transactions. Example of federal law surpassing state law., John Marshall ruled against a state legislature that invalidated corrupt land sales in order to protect property rights.
518714790	gibbons Vs ogden	This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.
518714791	cohens vs Virgina	cohens illegaly sold lottery tickets, va court guilty est federal court review of state courts. State won case, but lost power 2 make final decision to federal gov't
518714792	McCulloch vs Maryland	The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank.
518714793	protective tariff	a tariff imposed to protect domestic firms from import competition
518714794	Missouri Comprimise	missouri entered as a slave state, maine entered as a free state. they drew an imaginary at latitude 36 30`. anything north of the line can't be a slave state.
518714795	constitution	law determining the fundamental political principles of a government
518714796	pecular institution	Another term for slavery; The owning of human beings existed in a country that practiced liberty.
518714797	land act of 1820	authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre. The West also demanded cheap transportation and cheap money.
518714798	ohio fever	the rush of people going West because of cheap land, especially European immigrants
518714799	panic of 1819	A natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. However, it was generally blamed on the National Bank.
518714800	era of good feelings	A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. Issues lurked beneath surface
518714801	internal improvements	improvements on roads and transportation inside a state- congress voted in 1817 to give each state 1.5 million for internal imp- Madison vetoed it
518714802	Tallmadge Amendment	This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.
518714803	tariff of 1816	first tariff instituted primarily for protection rather than revenue
518714804	sectionalism	loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole
518714805	Virginia dynasty	"dynasty" comprised of the four of the first five presidents (Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe), all of whom Virginian plantation owners. Hartford Convention prohibeted election of 2 presidents from the same state 2 years in a row
518714806	American System	1824 Economic program by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank that would provide easy/abundant credit and create high tariffs that would provide for internal improvements, especially in the ohio river valley. Emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy- products would flow from south and west to north and east
518714807	Washington Irving/James Fenimore Cooper	He with James Fenimore Cooper received recognitions as the nations first writers of importance 2 use American themes and things
518714808	Rush Bagot Agreement	an agreement that limited navel power on the great lakes for both the united states and british canada. (by 1870's, agreements 2 share great lakes made
518714809	Hartford Convention	late 1814 - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812. When it seemed New Orleans was captured, Massachusetts called convention. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws. They also discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. The Hartford Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party. Final report demanded $ assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade
518714810	Treaty of Ghent	Sir Alexander I of Russia proposed mediation between U.S. and Britain. John Quincy Adams lead negotiations. No decisions made about the Indian menace or such and seizures. was an agreement signed by the Americans and the British that agreed to stop fighting which potentially led to the end of the War of 1812. It was signed before the Battle of New Orleans, but Americans did not learn of the treaty until after the victory at New Orleans. Americans assumed the "victory" for the war. The British signed quickly because they were more concerned with European affairs.
518714811	Battle of Horsehoe bend	Andrew Jackson defeated Southwest Indians at this battle
518714812	star spangled banner	written by Francis Scott Key as he watched the British bombard Ft. McHenry in Baltimore Harbor
518714813	battle of Plattsburgh	battle in which Macdonough challenged and defeated the British near Plattsburgh; close to defeat, Macdonough reversed his ship, confronted the enemy with a fresh broadside and won; forced British to retreat, saved NY from conquest and the Union from dissolution. Battle of Plattsburgh forced advancing British army to retreat
518714814	Burning of Washington DC	british force of 4000 landed in Chesapeake Bay area- British displaced panicky militia at Bladensburg
518714815	Battle of the Thames	Redcoats were forced to withdraw from Detroit due to Oliver Hazard Perry and were defeated by General Harrison's army at this battle in oct 1813, Battle at which Tecumseh died in, which ended the Indian confederation
518714816	Monroe Doctrine	A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
518714817	Florida Purchase	Under the Adams-Onis Treaty, Spain ceded Florida to US; US relinquished its claim on Texas back to Spain. Western boundaries of Louisiana Purchace runs zig-zag along the Rockies 2 42nd parallel and then west 2 pacific
518714818	CHAPTER 13	...
518714819	rotation in office	Jackson's system of periodically replacing officeholders to allow ordinary citizens to play a more prominent role in government, Beginning in 1829, Jackson said "no one man has any more intrinsic right to office than another."
518714820	William harrison	Whigs candidate for 1840 election- believed to be most able voter getter- was at the battle of Tipacanoe and the Thames- considered a hero. 9th president- issueless and penniless , was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.
518714821	second party system	first representation in 1840 elections between Democrats and Whigs. First time true full blown party system emerged.
518714822	Jacksonian democrats	believed in agrarian society; distrusted powerful central government both economically and politically; opposed reform movements
518714823	whigs	conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. . Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster
518714824	Santa anna	Put Sam Huston in jail for trying to negotiate differences with the Mex. gov't. Mexican dictator who was in charge when war broke out between the Mexicans and Americans. He lost Texas to rebels, and was the leader of the armed forces during the war. Raised army to supreme Texans and swept into Texas in 1836 when they declared independence
518714825	Martin Van Buren	8th President of the United States (1782-1862), Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836. Had to deal with The Jaksonian depression
518714826	Sam Huston	in 1833 went to negotiate differences with Mexican government Who commanded the texas army and became the president of the republic of texas
518714827	Stephen Austin	in 1827 granted huge piece of land if he cuold bring 300 families from the United States. known as the Father of Texas. Immigrants had to be roman catholic and settlers properly Mexicanized
518714828	independent treasury	President Van Buren's plan to keep government funds in its own vaults and do business entirely in hard money rather than keep them in deposits within shaky banks.
518714829	Daniel Webster	Created bill that would have renewed the Bank f the U.S. Henry Clay wanted bill renewed before 1832 so Jackson would need 2 make a decision on it. In Clay's mind-if Jackson was for it- loose western support, against it, looses presidency because of the wealthy and influential. Jackson vetoed bill
518714830	King mob	Nickname for all the new participants in government that came with Jackson's presidency. This nickname was negative and proposed that Jackson believed in too much democracy, perhaps leading to anarchy
518714831	Andrew Jackson	The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers. "his passions were so profound, that on occasion, he would choke with silence when he tried to speak
518714832	Nicholas Biddle	smart but arrogant president of the bank of the United States, He was an American financier who was also president of the Bank of the United States. He was also known for his bribes. He was in charge during the bank war, where Jackson refused to deposit federal funds, which bled the bank dry. He also showed the corruption of the bank.
518714833	John c Calhoun	Wrote South Carolina Exposition which protested the tarriff of abominations. Vice president of Jackson stated tarrif unconstitutional and unjust. Leader of South Carolina's offense to nullification of the Tarrif of 1832. Saw nullification as way to save union and prevent a southern secession
518714834	Henry Clay	Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state. Speaker of house who broke presidential tie and got
518714835	corrupt bargain	In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.
518714836	osceola	Seminole leader who resisted the removal of his people from Florida in the 1830s. He died under suspicious circumstances after being tricked into surrendering (1837). 4/5 of his tribe were moved, the rest hid
518714837	Black hawk	Sauk leader who in 1832 led Fox and Sauk warriors against the United States (1767-1838) in state of illinois who were resisting eviction. defeated 1832
518714838	John Quincy Adms	Sixth President of the United States, 1825-1829; proposed greater federal involvement in the economy through tariffs and improvements such as roads, bridges, and canals. South thought if the gov't can get it's hands on education, it could (and they were right) get it's hands on slavery issue
518714839	john tyler	Vice-president under Harrison brought in to gain support of the South. His presidency was responsible for the veto against another Bank of the U.S and settled the Texas and Maine disputes in the country
518714840	William Crawford	Originally from Georgia, Crawford ran in the 1824 election representing the south. He was forced to drop out of the race due to a stroke.
518714841	Alex de Tocqueville	French writer who expanded idea of american democracy and advocated prison reform in america.
518714842	Democratic Republican	Founded by Thomas Jefferson, the Democratic Republicans favored states rights and opposed the Federalist Party. The victory of the Democratic Republicans marked the first party overturn in American history. Later party of Andrew Jackson
518714843	antislavery	Opposed to human slavery.
518714844	Lone star	texas declared independence in 1836 and Houston forced signed treaty with Santa Ana in 1836. Made Sam Huston commander in cheif
518714845	Divorce bill	A bill passed by Van Buren in 1837, that divorced the government from banking altogether, and established an independent treasury, so the governemtn could lock its money in vaults in several of the larger cities.
518714846	favorite sons "plan" (unofficial stratagy)	plan of the Whigs to run several "favorite sons" in election in hope of spreading out the votes so issue goes to the house of reps where whigs might have a chance
518714847	favorite son	whigs- William Henry Harrison of Ohio- Tippecanoe
518714848	annexation	The adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit.
518714849	pet banks	State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank., federal funds were deposited into these pro Jackson institutions. Banks flooded country with paper $
518714850	panic of 1837	When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.
518714851	specie circular	issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.
518714852	Anti masonic party	third party which attracted support from evangelical Protestants and were against secret societies. Considered secret societies citadels of privilage and monopoly. Jackson was a mason and publically gloried being one. Party against Jackson
518714853	Bank of the united states	notes in silver and gold so value did not fluctuate. Most powerful bank in the U.S. accountable not to the people, but investors. Foreclosed many western farms. Profit, not public service was first priority
518714854	trail of tears	Jackson uprooted more than 100,000 indians by using indian removal act of 1830 to do so
518714855	Tariff of 1833	made by henry clay, it reduced the tariff of 1832, with a 10 percent decrease every year for 10 years, when the tariff rate would be back to where it was in 1816.
518714856	force bill	Authorizes president to use army/navy if necessary to collect federal tariff duties- SC nullifies it again
518714857	nullification	The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.
518714858	tariff of 1832	a slightly lower tariff compared to the Tariff of 1828/ tariff of abominations. It fell short of the South's demands
518714859	slaveocracy	society organized around slavery; slaveholders have power, Although large planters represented only 0.5% of the white population, they virtually controlled the economic, social, legal, and political institutions of the South and even of the nation. ). Southern planters exercised powers in excess of their numbers. The South was an oligarchy—governed by an elite. They controlled the state legislatures, governorships, and legal system.
518714860	tariff of abominations	protected north, but felt like restrictive burden 2 south
518714861	revolution of 1828	Jackson's election showed shift of political power to "the common man" (1828), when the government changed hands from quincy adams to jackson. first shift in parties
518714862	south carolina exposition	written by John C. Calhoun denouncing the 1828 Tariff as unconstitutional and that the states should declare it null and void. Carolina had threatened to secede if the tariff was not revoked; Calhoun suggested state nullification as a more peaceful solution.
518714863	spoils system	The practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. Jackson made this practice famous for the way he did it on a wide scale.
518714864	corrupt bargain	In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.
518714865	12th amendment	Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president.