Genetic Research and DNA technology-Campbell 9e AP Bio Chapter 20 Flashcards

Mr. Chandler's compiled list of Chap 20 Genetic Research and DNA tech methods

682835254	Transformation of Plasmid	restriction enzymes fragment DNA allowing genes of interest to be encoded into bacterial DNA for cloning. Advantages: mass production of gene by using a plasmid vector
682835255	Nucleic Acid Hybridization	transferring clones of DNA to a multiwell plate. Clones are hybridized by cDNA (probe) that is tagged w/ a radioactive isotope or fluorescent dye. Advantages: helps identify and track the genes of interest.
682835256	Electroporation	electrical impulses create openings in plasma membrane so that DNA can be injected directly into cell's genome. Advantages: a technique to use w/o using a vector.
682835257	Expression Vectors	application of an active promoter added upstream from the gene to be inserted. Advantge: added to the prokaryotic vector, it allows the host cell to recognize the promoter and express the euk gene
682835258	Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)	target sequence of DNA can be mass produced by denaturation, annealing, and extension of DNA in vitro. Advantages: method to mass produce a small amount of DNA in a test tube to amplify the gene of interest.
682835259	Gel Electrophoresis	fragmenting DNA with restriction enzymes, this mixture of DNA fragments is placed on an agarose gel in an electrical field which separates the fragments based on size into bands. Advantages: helps identify fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP)
682835260	Southern Blotting	combines gel electrophoresis w/ nucleic acid hybridization. Advantages: allows specific detection of genes w/in fragments
682835261	Dideoxy Chain Termination Method for sequencing DNA	process which synthesizes a set of DNA complimentary to the template fragment by incorporating a ddNTP (a modified nucleotide) to the end of the growing chain. Advantages: allows the determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of a gene.
682835262	Northern Blotting	mRNA is run through gel electrophoresis is followed by blotting on a nitrocellulose membrane w/ a fluorescent probe. Advantages: can show expression of mRNA at different stages of development.
682835263	Reverse Transcriptase PCR	mRNA transcribed backwards using a reverse transcriptase to DNA. PCR amplification followed by gel electrophoresis. Advantages: quicker than Northern Blotting because it requires less mRNA to run the test.
682835264	in situ Hybridization	nucleic acid hybridization using probes with fluorescent dyes on mRNA in an intact organism. Advantages: allows the tracking of genes in tissues.
682835265	DNA Microarray Assays	small amounts of many mRNA fragments transcribed in reverse forming probe cDNA by nucleic acid hybridization. Advantages: to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously.
682835266	in vitro Mutagenesis	introduction of a mutated gene. Advantages: to alter or destroy the gene product to learn the function of the product (protein)
682835267	RNA Interference	a newer method to silence the expression of a gene using RNAi to block the translation of a gene. Advantages:to alter or destroy the gene product to learn the function of the product (protein)
682835268	Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms SNP- "snips"	looking for a single nucleotide marker (snip) ahead of the gene that may be a mutation for a particular gene. Advantages: discoveries of snips may lead to solutions for many diseases
682835269	Totipotent	a method in which cells can dedifferentiate and give rise to specialized cells. Advantages: method used to clone plants.
682835270	Nuclear Transplantation	method used to transfer a donor nucleus to an enucleated egg cell. Advantages: method used to clone animals
682835271	Pluripotent Stem Cells	classification of embryonic stem cells (ES) because they can differentiate into all types of specialized cells. Advantages: may lead to the advancement and cures of many diseases
682835272	Transgenic animals	desired genes directly inserted into fertilized eggs resulting in offspring expressing traits of the transgene. Advantages: transgenic animals are used as a pharmaceutical factory to make the gene product
682835273	Short Tandem Repeats (STR)	variations in length of genetic markers. Advantages: used to compare DNA to identify criminals or to settle a question about paternity
682835274	Ti Plasmids	a particular plasmid used to introduce new genes into crop plants. Advantages: to help produce plants with desirable traits, resistant to diseases
682835275	Genetically Modified (GM)	any plant or animal that has been altered by having genes introduced into it by artificial means. Advantages: cautious approaches need to be considered.