Chapter?28: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World Chapter Outline Popular sovereignty and political upheaval Enlightened and revolutionary ideas Popular sovereignty: relocating sovereignty in the people Traditionally monarchs claimed a "divine right" to rule The Enlightenment challenged this right, made the monarch responsible to the people John Locke's theory of contractual government: authority comes from the consent of the governed Freedom and equality: important values of the Enlightenment Demands for freedom of worship and freedom of expression Demands for political and legal equality (a) Condemned legal and social privileges of aristocrats (b) Jean-Jacques Rousseau,?The Social Contract