Biology Chapter 55 Flashcards

University of Louisiana Lafayette
Biolovy 111 Chapter 55 Test 4

551230744	Behavior	is the observable response of organisms to internal or external stimuli	1
551230745	Behavioral ecology	studies how behavior contributes to the differential survival and reproduction of organisms	2
551230746	Ethology	focused on the physiological mechanisms of behavior Proximate causes - change in day length -cause deer rut	3
551230747	Behavioral ecologists	focus on the adaptive significance of a behavior Ultimate causes - effect on reproductive success and survival	4
551230748	Fixed action patterns (FAP)	Innate or genetically programmed behavior Commonly called Instinctual Once initiated, will continue until completed Egg-rolling response in geese Improves fitness because it increases survival of young Sign Stimulus - initiates behavior Egg out of nest Male sticklebacks attack red ventral surface while ignoring realistic fish model lacking red underside	5
551230749	Learning	modify behavior based on previous behavior	6
551230750	Habituation	simplest form of learning Organism ignores repeated stimulus Form of nonassociative learning - decrease in response to stimulus due to repetition	7
551230751	Associative learning	association develops between stimulus and response Behavior is changed or conditioned throughout the association 2 main types	8
551230752	Classical Conditioning	- involuntary response becomes associated positively or negatively with a stimulus that did not originally elicit the response Pavlov's dog salivates when the bell rings Food is the unconditioned stimulus Bell is the conditioned stimulus Salivation in response to food is the unconditioned response Salivation in response to the bell is conditioned response	9
551230753	Operant conditioning	animal's behavior reinforced by a consequence (reward or punishment) Skinner box where rat bumps into a lever and gets food Associate lever with food Also called trial-and-error learning Birds will learn to avoid bad tasting butterflies	10
551230754	Cognitive Learning	ability to solve problems with conscious thought and without direct environmental feedback Chimpanzees stack boxes to reach banana Ravens retrieve meat by pulling up a string	11
551230755	Behavior is often a mix of	innate and learned	12
551230756	Critical period	time when many animals develop species-specific patterns of behavior	13
551230757	Imprinting	goslings follow the first moving thing as "mother" (human, watering can, black box) Innate behavior is the ability to imprint Factors in the environment are the stimulus to which imprinting is directed	14
551230758	Migration	experienced birds can correct for displacement (complex navigational skill) while young, inexperienced birds cannot correct	15
551230759	Local and long-range migration	Local movements Migration	16
551230760	Local movements	Movements to find food, water, nesting site Kinesis - movement in response to stimulus but not directed toward or away from source Taxis- more directed movement Positive phototaxis - toward light Negative phototaxis - away from light Other examples include sea turtle hatchlings, and positive rheotaxis in fish	17
551230761	Migration	- long-range seasonal movement generally linked to seasonal availability of food Bird, mammal, and insect examples 3 mechanisms to find their way Arctic terns : 24,800 miles migrated yearly	18
551230762	Piloting	animal moves from one familiar landmark to the next Features of the coastline, for example	19
551230763	Orientation	ability to follow compass bearing and travel in straight line - cannot adjust for course	20
551230764	Navigation	follow compass bearings but also set or adjust path Adult starlings can adjust flight path when transported and released (juveniles cannot	21
551230765	Foraging	Optimality theory predicts an animal should behave in a way that maximizes benefits of a behavior minus its costs Optimal foraging proposes that an animal seeks to obtain the most energy possible with the least expenditure of energy The more net energy gained, the greater the reproductive success	22
551230766	Shore crabs and mussels	Prefer intermediate mussels with highest rate of energy return Larger mussels yield more energy but take longer to open Smaller mussels are easier to open but yield less energy	23
551230767	Territory	fixed area in which individual or group excludes others Optimize territory size based on costs and benefits Benefit is exclusive access to resource- food, mates, nesting sites Costly to defend	24
551230768	Golden-winged sunbird	Saved 780 calories a day in reduced foraging activity Spent 728 calories in defending the territory Net gain of 52 calories a day	25
551230769	Communication	Use of specifically designed signals or displays to modify the behavior of others Chemical Auditory Visual Tactile	26
551230770	Chemical communication	Common among canines and felines Scent trails laid by social insects Pheromones produced by female moths to attract males Queen bee releases pheromones to suppress reproductive system of workers	27
551230771	Auditory communication	Sounds travel farther in air Air at dawn and dusk less turbulent Many males use auditory communication to attract females Sound production can also lure predators	28
551230772	Visual communication	Competition among males for most impressive displays leads to elaborate coloration and extensive ornamentation Male fireflies flash species specific number and duration of flashes Predator uses flashes to lure males in to eat them	29
551230773	Tactile communication	Used to establish bonds between group members Round dance or waggle dance of honeybee scout conveys food location	30
551230774	Living in groups	Much of animal behavior directed at other animals Some of the more complex behavior occurs in groups like flocks or herds Group living can reduce predation through Increased vigilance Protection in numbers	31
551230775	Many eyes hypothesis	Increased vigilance by living in groups, individuals may decrease the amount of time scanning for predators and increase time feeding If each pigeon occasionally looks up to scan for a hawk, the bigger the group, the more likely that one bird will spot a hawk early enough for the flock to take flight	32
551230776	Protection in numbers	Typically, predators take one prey item per attack In a large group, chances of being that prey item are reduced "Selfish herd"- each individual can minimize the danger to itself by choosing the location that is closest to the center of the group Group size may be the result of trade offs between the benefits of group living and costs like grooming and altruism	33
551230777	Altruism	Behavior that appears to benefit others at a cost to oneself Most altruistic acts serve to benefit the individual's close relatives	34
551230778	Group Selection	group containing altruists would have a survival advantage over group composed of selfish individuals	35
551230779	Individual selection more likely because...	Mutant individuals that use resources have an advantage over those that conserve resources Selfish individuals can immigrate from other areas For group selection to work, groups must die faster than others - individuals die more often than groups Group selection assumes that individuals can predict food availability to conserve resources as needed - little evidence that they can	36
551230780	Example of selfish behavior	Male hanuman langurs kill infants when they take over groups of females from other males When not nursing, females become sexually receptive sooner, so a male can father offspring sooner Infanticide ensures that the male will father more offspring Genes governing this trait spread by natural selection	37
551230781	Coefficient of Relatedness	probability that any 2 individuals will share a copy of a particular gene is a quantity r An organism can not only pass on its genes by having offspring but also by ensuring that relatives survive Inclusive fitness designates the total number of copies of genes passed on through one's relatives or as one's own offspring	38
551230782	Kinselection	behavior that lowers an individual's own fitness but enhances the reproductive success of relatives	39
551230783	Hamilton's Rule	Altruistic gene favored by natural selection when rB>C r is the coefficient of relatedness of donor (altruist) to recipient B is benefit to recipient C is cost incurred by dono	40
551230784	Datana Caterpillars example	Brightly colored and assume specific pose when threatened Predator has to eat one to learn to avoid them Death of individual in group of related caterpillars benefits siblings r =0.5, B=50, and C=1, then 25(0.5x50)>1 so genes will spread	41
551230785	Altruism in social insects due to genetics and lifestyle	Most extreme form of altruism is sterile castes in social insects Eusociality - workers (females) help queen raise offspring Haplodiplady- females are diploid, males are haploid, females are more related to their sisters (0.75) than they would be to their own offspring (0.5) Existence of eusocial mammals predicted based on lifestyle Naked mole rats have a queen who suppresses reproduction in other females	42
551230786	Reciprocal Altruism	Cost to the altruist offset by likelihood of a return benefit Female vampire bats will share food Unrelated females are more likely to share food with those that had recently shared with them	43
551230787	Monogamy	- each individual mates exclusively with one partner	44
551230788	Polygamy	individuals mate with more than one partner Polygyny - one male mates with many females Polyandry - one female mates with many males	45
551230789	Mating systems	Natural selection favors production of the rarer sex so that the sex ratio is kept balanced at 1:1	46
551230790	Sexual selection	(how to pick mate) Promotes traits that will increase an organism's mating success 2 forms	47
551230791	Intersexual	member of one sex chooses mate based on particular characteristics	48
551230792	Intrasexual	members of one sex compete over partners with the winner performing most of the matings	49
551230793	Female hangingflies	demand a nuptial gift - allows female to produce more eggs and allows male to copulate longer	50
551230794	Female sticklebacks	prefer males that shake more during courtship as evidence that he will be a better parent	51
551230795	widowbird	Choices based on plumage color or courtship displays - widowbird with experimentally lengthened tails attracted more females and fathered more clutches	52
551230796	Mate competition between individuals	In many species, females do not actively choose between mates Instead they mate with competitively superior males Dominance determined by fighting or ritualized sparring Male-male competition produces males substantially larger than females Small males can still father offspring by intercepting females	53
551230797	Mate-guarding hypothesis	males stay with a female to protect her from being fertilized by other males	54
551230798	Male Assistance hypothesis	males remain with females to help them rear offspring - he would have few surviving offspring if he did not	55
551230799	Female-enforced monogamy hypothesis	female interferes with male attracting other females	56
551230800	Polygyny	One male mates with more than one female Females mate with only one male Associated with uniparental care of young Males contribute little to raising young Sexual dimorphism typical Types Resource based polygyny - patchy distribution of resource and female visits for resource Harem mating structure - females naturally congregate and male controls area Communal courting - males display in lek, females mate after males display	57
551230801	Polyandry	One female mates with several males Rarer Female is larger of the sexes Female spotted sandpiper reproductive success limited only by the number of males she can find to incubate her eggs Male pipefish have brood pouches and female produces enough eggs for 2 male brood pouches if she can find another male	58