AQA A-level Biology unit 1 - disease and immunity Flashcards

1454993387	What is a pathogen	Any organism that causes disease	1
1454993388	In which three ways can a pathogen penetrate an organs interface with the environment?	1. Through gas exchange systems 2. Through skin, if you have a cut. 3. Digestive system	2
1454993389	Pathogens cause disease by...	Producing toxins Damaging cells by rupturing them, breaking down their nutrients or replicating inside them and bursting them	3
1454993390	List three lifestyle factors that can increase your risk of getting coronary heart disease	Smoking, lack of exercise, poor diet (too much fat or cholesterol) and excessive alcohol intake	4
1454993391	List risk factors that could increase the risk of getting cancer...	Smoking, excess exposure to the sun or excessive alcohol intake	5
1454993392	By changing your lifestyle, you can... The effects of various diseases	Reduce	6
1454993393	What triggers an immune response?	Foreign antigens	7
1454993394	What are antigens	Molecules found on the surface of cells	8
1454993395	Phagocytes..	Engulf pathogens by using protein receptors to identify foreign molecules. Phagocytes are then attracted to the pathogens and engulf them. the pathogens are sealed in a phagocytic vacuole and are broken down via lysosomes	9
1454993396	Phagocytes activate...	T cells. these T cells have surface proteins to bind with the antigens	10
1454993397	T cells activate...	B cells. B cells are covered in antibodies that bind to the antigens to form antigen-antibody complexes. The B cell then divides to form a plasma cell which will produce cloned antibodies.	11
1454993398	What is the cellular immune response	T cells and other cells they interact with, e.g phagocytes	12
1454993399	What is the humoral immune response	B cells and the production of antibodies.	13
1454993400	Vaccines speed up the response to...	Antigens.	14
1454993401	Vaccines contain...	Weakened antigens, this is to produce a primary response against a particular pathogen without suffering from the disease.	15
1454993402	Vaccines can be taken in two ways...	Orally or through injection	16
1454993403	Why are most vaccines given by injection?	Because if taken orally, stomach acid and enzymes could break down the vaccine before it gets into the blood stream.	17
1454993404	What is antigenic variation	How a pathogen can evade the immune system by changing their surface antigens due to changes in their genes.	18
1454993405	Why is it difficult to make vaccines for pathogens that experience antigenic variation?	Because the immune system won't recognise the pathogen and so the primary response will begin again each time	19
1454993406	What are monoclonal antibodies?	Antibodies produced from a single group of genetically identical b cells	20
1454993407	Monoclonal antibodies can bind to...	Anything	21
1454993408	Why are the side effects of using monoclonal antibodies usually less than when using regular antibodies	They are more specifically targeted	22