Units 1 and 2 (8000BCE-600CE) AP World Review Flashcards

Key terms from the Princeton Review Cracking the AP World History Exam 2013 review book and the AP World History: An Essential Coursebook (first edition).

Terms : Hide Images [1]

773687864	agriculture	the deliberate tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber	0
773687865	agrarian	a society that depends on agriculture is...	1
773687866	bands/clans	basic unit of social organization among foragers; includes fewer than 100 people in a nomadic, small, mobile, kin-based groups with little differential power.	2
773687867	barbarian	a person belonging to a tribe or group that is considered uncivilized	3
773687868	bureaucracy	a government organized by department	4
773687869	civilization	a society with reliable food surplus, specialized occupations, social class distinctions, cities, complex governments, trade, and an organized writing system	5
773687870	city-states	large towns that conquered the surrounding countryside; often competed with each other	6
773687871	classical	the period from approximately 600 BCE to 600 CE	7
773687872	domestication	the taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food	8
773687873	economy	the way civilizations manage money and resources for the production of goods and services	9
773687874	egalitarian	a society in which all people are relatively equal	10
773687875	emperor	the ruler of an empire	11
773687876	empire	a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler	12
773687877	feudalism	loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord	13
773687878	foraging	a food-getting strategy that does not involve food production or domestication of animals	14
773687879	hierarchy	the organization of people at different ranks in an administrative body	15
773687880	hierarchical	arranging things one above the other by rank	16
773687881	hunter-gatherer	a member of a nomadic group whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods.	17
773687882	irrigation	a way of supplying water to an area of land	18
773687883	monarchy	a government ruled by a king or queen	19
773687884	monotheism	belief in one god	20
773687885	neolithic	The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution. It follows the Paleolithic period.	21
773687886	nomadic	(of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently	22
773687887	pastoral	societies that were characterized by the domestication of animals but usually did not settle down and farm or build towns.	23
773687888	paleolithic	The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic Period.	24
773687889	philosophy	a basic viewpoint of the system of values of an individual or society	25
773687890	polytheism	the worship of many gods	26
773687891	river valley	the fertile land surrounding a river	27
773687892	sedentary	not migratory; settled	28
773687893	settlement	a community of people smaller than a town	29
773687894	substistence	condition in which people produce only enough to survive	30
773687895	surplus	more than is needed, desired, or required	31
773687896	sustenance	the act of sustaining life by food or providing a means of subsistence	32
773687897	theocracy	government by divine power or priests	33
773687898	traditional	pertaining to time-honored orthodox doctrines	34
773687899	urbanization	the growth of cities	35
773687900	vassals	person granted land by a feudal lord in return for services	36
773687901	Alexander the Great	356-323 b.c., king of Macedonia 336-323: conqueror of Greek city-states and of the Persian empire from Asia Minor and Egypt to India.	37
773687902	Analects	the collection of Confucius's thoughts and sayings	38
773687903	Bronze Age	the latter part of the Neolithic Era, characterized by the use of a new, stronger metal	39
773687904	Byzantium	the eastern portion of the Roman empire; lasted 1000 years after the fall of Western Rome	40
773687905	calendar	a system of timekeeping that defines the beginning and length and divisions of the year	41
773687906	Code of Hammurabi	credited as the first written law code; written by a Babylonian king and established the basis for law codes	42
773687907	cuneiform	the form of writing developed by the Sumerians	43
773687908	democracy	a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them	44
773687909	Eight Fold Path	eight guides to thought and conduct in the Buddhism religion	45
773687910	Four Noble Truths	as taught by the Buddha, the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism	46
773687911	Gothic Migrations	were the migrations of the visigoths into the buffer states of Rome then into Rome itself	47
773687912	Great Wall	a fortification 1,500 miles long built across northern China in the 3rd century BC	48
773687913	Han Dynasty	imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy	49
773687914	Hellenism	the principles and ideals associated with classical Greek civilization	50
773687915	The Huns	source of raids on Rome; fierce warriors from Central Asia. First invaded southeastern Europe and then launched raids on nearby kingdoms	51
773687916	Indian Ocean Trade	world's richest maritime trading network that was essential for the prosperity of East Africa	52
773687917	Iron Age	the period following the Bronze Age; characterized by rapid spread of another metal in tools and weapons	53
773687918	Jewish Diaspora	the scattering of the Jewish people outside their homeland beginning about 586 BCE	54
773687919	legalism	Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws	55
773687920	Pax Romana	a period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.	56
773687921	pyramids	monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs.	57
773687922	Roman Republic	the period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate	58
773687923	Roman Senate	a council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city's leaders	59
773687924	Shang Civilization	early civilization centered on the Huang Ho of northern China, dating from c. 1766 to 1122 BC.	60
773687925	Shi Huang Di	harsh ruler who united China for the first time and used legalism in ruling (Qin China)	61
773687926	Siddhartha Gautama	founder of Buddhism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha	62
773687927	Silk Road	the trade route that linked the Eurasian land mass	63
773687928	The Torah	the most sacred text of Judaism	64
773687929	The Vedas of Hinduism	one of the sources of prayers, verses, and descriptions of the origins of the universe, guide Hindus	65
773687930	Xiongnu	nomadic raiders from the grasslands north of China during the reign of Han dynasty; emperor Wudi fought against them in the mid-100s BC	66
773687931	Ziggurats	temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped	67
773687932	bipedalism	the ability to walk upright on two legs	68
773687933	Catal Hayuk	a large neolithic city in modern Turkey; used stone and bone for tools but died out before metal was used, from 6500BCE-5700BCE.	69
773687934	cultural diffusion	the spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another	70
773687935	division of labor	characteristic of civilizations in which different people perform different jobs	71
773687936	horticulture	cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes	72
773687937	independent invention	development of the same culture trait or pattern in separate cultures as a result of comparable needs and circumstances	73
773687938	Jericho	oldest Neolithic community in the West Bank between Israel and Jordan	74
773687939	Lucy	the first human who left remains of her bones; she lived around 3.5 million years ago.	75
773687940	"marker events" of pre-history	the Neolithic Revolution is the first one of these	76
773687941	Neolithic craft industries	pottery, metallurgy, and textiles were...	77
773687942	Neolithic (Agricultural) Revolution	change from food gathering to food producing (around 8000 BCE)	78
773687943	primary sources	eyewitness accounts of history. They include letters, diaries, speeches, and interviews.	79
773687944	specialization	development of different kinds of jobs	80
773687945	Akkadian Empire	began in 2350 BCE when Sargon - King of Akkad - began conquering Sumerian cities. The empire was the first to unite city-states under a single ruler and ruled for 200 years.	81
773687946	Amon-Re	the ancient Egyptian god of the sun	82
773687947	amulets	good luck charms used by ancient Egyptians to keep away evil spirits and prevent injury.	83
773687948	Aryans	nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system	84
773687949	Assyrians	very harsh people who exploited the use of iron weapons to build their Mesopotamian empire, which lasted less than 100 years. they had a king with absolute power	85
773687950	Babylonians	extended their empire and helped bring civilization to other parts of the Middle East; famous for Hammurabi's Law Code	86
773687951	Book of the Dead	scrolls that served as a guide for the afterlife in ancient Egypt	87
773687952	Book of Songs	the earliest collection of Chinese poetry; it provides glimpses of what life was like in the early Zhou Dynasty	88
773687953	cataracts	rapids along a river, such as those along the Nile in Egypt	89
773687954	Chavin	the first major South American civilization, which flourished in the highlands of what is now Peru from about 900 to 200 B.C.	90
773687955	Confucianism	ideas of Confucius, emphasizing such values as family, tradition, and mutual respect	91
773687956	cosmopolitanism	the ideology that all human ethnic groups belong to a single community based on a shared morality.	92
773687957	cultural hearths	the areas where civilizations first began that radiated the customs, innovations, and ideologies that culturally transformed the world	93
773687958	Dravidian	a member of one of the aboriginal races of India (pushed south by Caucasians and now mixed with them)	94
773687959	dynasty	a powerful family or group of rulers that maintains its position or power for some time	95
773687960	Epic of Gilgamesh	an epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing.	96
773687961	Fertile Crescent	a geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates	97
773687962	Hammurabi	Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BC)	98
773687963	Harappa	a large ancient city of the Indus civilization, created in present-day Pakistan	99
773687964	Hittites	created an empire in western Asian and threatened the power of the Egyptians; were the first Indo-Europeans to use iron	100
773687965	Horus	Egyptian falcon-headed solar god	101
773687966	Hyksos	a group of nomadic invaders from southwest Asia who ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C.	102
773687967	Isis	Egyptian goddess of fertility	103
773687968	labor systems	system of labor in which people do specialized jobs	104
773687969	Late Bronze Age	1600-1200 B.C.; also called the Mycenaean Age.	105
773687970	law code	written set of laws	106
773687971	loess	fine, light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China.	107
773687972	ma'at	the Egyptian concept of truth, justice, and cosmic order, represented by a goddess, often portrayed with a feather upon her head	108
773687973	Mandate of Heaven	the Chinese (Zhou) theory that Heaven gives the king a mandate to rule only as long as he rules in the interests of the people	109
773687974	matrilineal	relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother	110
773687975	Menes	united the kingdoms of lower and upper Egypt and created first Egyptian dynasty	111
773687976	Mesopotamia	the land between the Tigris and Euphrates	112
773687977	Minoans	earliest Greek civilization that had developed on the island of Crete by 2000 B.C.	113
773687978	Mohenjo-Daro	Indus Valley city laid out in a grid pattern. Had a complex irrigation and sewer system., One of the first settlements in India	114
773687979	monsoon rains	seasonal winds crossing the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia during the summertime that bring extreme rain and flooding	115
773687980	Myceneans	people from Greek mainland who conquered central Crete; warring people who grouped themselves into clans and tribes	116
773687981	Olmec	the earliest-known Mesoamerican civilization, which flourished around 1200 B.C. and influenced later societies throughout the region.	117
773687982	oracle bones	one of the animal bones or tortoise shells used by ancient Chinese priests to communicate with the gods	118
773687983	papyrus	tall sedge of the Nile valley yielding fiber that served many purposes in historic times, especially for paper making	119
773687984	patriarchy	a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line	120
773687985	pharoah	a king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political leader	121
773687986	pictographs	pictures that stand for words or ideas; picture writing	122
773687987	Rosetta Stone	a huge stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics, Greek, and a later form of Egyptian that allowed historians to understand Egyptian writing.	123
773687988	Semetic	a major branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family including Hebrew, Arabic, Aramaic, and many more	124
773687989	shaman	an ancient doctor, healer, or priest, they were called upon for religious ceremonies	125
773687990	shi	educated bureaucrats who were one of the three main social groups of ancient China.	126
773687991	social mobility	a change in position within the social hierarchy	127
773687992	Sumerians	people who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cunieform, and religious conceptions.	128
773687993	systems failure	a breakdown of the political, social, and economic systems supporting a civilization	129
773687994	Zhao Dynasty	the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Taoism	130
773687995	"3rd century crisis"	Rome; barbarian invasions lead to financial stress, new taxes, debased coinage, and inflation created. financial crisis leads to political crisis, social problems also a problem	131
773687996	Actium	the battle where Octavian crushed Antony and Cleopatra and took over the Roman empire	132
773687997	Aristotle	Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world	133
773687998	Ashoka	a ruler of the Mauryan Empire who converted to Buddhism	134
773687999	atman	in Hindu belief, a person's essential self	135
773688000	Attila	leader of the Huns who put pressure on the Roman Empire's borders during the 5th century	136
773688001	Augustus Caesar (Octavian)	the founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor, ruling from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD.	137
773688002	Buddhism	a world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire	138
773688003	calligraphy	art of beautiful handwriting	139
773688004	castes	social groups into which people are born and cannot change	140
773688005	varna	a basic subdivision of humanity in the Hindu caste system	141
773688006	jati	sub castes; were groups of people within each caste that worked together for one economic function	142
773688007	classical civilizations	large civilizations with massive size and political strength, complex cultures, numerous and qualitative written records, complex long distance trade, increased contacts with other people, and more direct influence on modern civilization; in the Mediterranean, the Indian subcontinent, and East Asia.	143
773688008	Cleisthenes	made athenian assembly-law making body, granted some citizenship to some imms. and former slaves. set-up council of 500, introduced Ostracism	144
773688009	Cleopatra	last pharaoh of Egypt; had relationships with Julius Caesar and Marc Antony; Octavian's enemy	145
773688010	Constantine	Roman Emperor (4th century A.D.) who promoted tolerance to all religions in the Roman Empire and legalized Christianity	146
773688011	consuls	chief executives elected to run the government in ancient Rome	147
773688012	Cyrus the Great	king of Persia and founder of the Persian empire (circa 600-529 BC)	148
773688013	Daoism	philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events	149
773688014	Delian League	an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians	150
773688015	desertification	the gradual transformation of habitable land into desert	151
773688016	Diocletian	Roman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section.	152
773688017	equites	class of business people and landowners in ancient Rome who had wealth and power	153
773688018	Etruscans	the group of people who ruled Rome before Romans revolted	154
773688019	forbidden city	a walled section of Beijing that encloses the palace that was formerly the residence of the emperor of China	155
773688020	Gupta Empire	Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism	156
773688021	Greek "Classical Age"	500-338 BC, also known as the golden age of Greece.	157
773688022	Han Wudi	extended the Chinese borders to its extent in Imperial China; Trained Civil Services; "Silk Road"	158
773688023	Hellenic culture	of, pertaining to, or characteristic of the ancient Greeks or their language, culture, thought, etc., esp. before the time of Alexander the Great.	159
773688024	Hellenistic synthesis	the blending of Greek and local cultures on the territories conquered by Alexander the Great's armies; as a result a distinct new culture emerged	160
773688025	helots	Spartan word for their slaves, who were the conquered Messenians	161
773688026	Hinduism	the major Indian religious system, which had its origins in the religious beliefs of the Aryans who settled India after 1500 B.C.	162
773688027	hoplites	heavily armed Greek infantrymen who marched and fought in close ranks; most of the recruits were middle-class citizens	163
773688028	Julius Caesar	the general during the Roman Republic who took over after the civil war and established Rome as an empire.	164
773688029	Laozi	Chinese Daoist philosopher; taught that governments were of secondary importance and recommended retreat from society into nature.	165
773688030	lateen sail	triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade	166
773688031	Law of the Twelve Tables	Roman code of law administered by Augustus Caesar	167
773688032	Marathon	a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians	168
773688033	Mark Antony	Caesar's right-hand man, teamed with Octavian to punish Caesar's murders, fell in love with Cleopatra, went into civil war, at Battle of Actium, he and Cleopatra fled and committed suicide	169
773688034	Mauryan Dynasty	first ruler was Chandragupta Maurya; unified much of the entire subcontinent; large armies with thousands of chariots and elephant borne troops; developed a substantial bureaucracy with a postal service; autocratic government	170
773688035	natural law	a rule or body of rules of conduct inherent in human nature and essential to or binding upon human society	171
773688036	aristocracy	a government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility	172
773688037	patricians	the wealthy class in Roman society; landowners	173
773688038	Mycenaeans	first Greek-speaking people; invaded Minoans; dominated Greek world 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C.; sea traders; lived in separate city-states; invovled in Trojan War against Troy	174
773688039	plebians	members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders	175
773688040	patron-client relationship	Ancient Roman: a fundamental social relationship in which the patron-a wealthy and powerful individual-provided legal and economic protection and assistance to clients, men of lesser status and means, and in return the clients supported their patrons	176
773688041	Peloponnesian War	a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta	177
773688042	Pericles	Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon.	178
773688043	Phoenicians	located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform	179
773688044	phonetic alphabet	an alphabet that contains a different symbol for each individual sound in a language; in this alphabet there is a one to one relationship between sounds and symbols	180
773688045	Plato	(430-347 BCE) qas a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.	181
773688046	polis	a city-state in Ancient Greece	182
773688047	princeps	Latin for "first citizen." Augustus and other Roman emperors gave themselves this title to distinguish themselves from Hellenistic monarchs	183
773688048	Qin Dynasty	the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall	184
773688049	Punic Wars	the three wars waged by Rome against Carthage, 264-241, 218-201, and 149-146 b.c., resulting in the destruction of Carthage and the annexation of its territory by Rome.	185
773688050	reincarnation	the Hindu or Buddhist doctrine that person may be reborn successively into one of five classes of living beings (god or human or animal or hungry ghost or denizen of hell) depending on the person's own actions	186
773688051	satraps	governors of provinces in the Persian Empire	187
773688052	Roman Empire	an empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Empire and the Eastern Empire	188
773688053	scholar-gentry	Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China.	189
773688054	secularism	the view that the present well-being of mankind should predominate over religious considerations in civil or public affairs	190
773688055	Socrates	philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic method	191
773688056	stirrup	device for securing a horseman's feet, enabling him to wield weapons more effectively. First evidence of the use of stirrups was among the Kushan people of northern Afghanistan in approximately the first century C.E.	192
773688057	Terra Cotta Army	army to protect Shi Huangdi in the afterlife; 700,000 clay soldiers	193
773688058	tribunes	official who was elected by the Plebeians to protect their interests	194
773688059	Triumvirate	in ancient Rome, a group of three leaders sharing control of the government.	195
773688060	tyrants	in ancient Greece, rulers who seized power by force but who ruled with the people's support; later came to refer to rulers who exercise brutal and oppressive power	196
773688061	Upishads	sacred Hindu texts dealing with metaphysics	197
773688062	Virgil	greatest poet of the Golden Age, called the "Homer of Rome" because the Iliad and the Odyssey served as models for his epic, the Aeneid; focus on Patriotism; it took 10 years to write	198
773688063	Warring States Period	time of warfare between regional lords following the decline of the Zhou dynasty in the 8th century B.C.E.	199
773688064	Xerxes	son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C.	200
773688065	Abraham	the first of the Old Testament patriarchs and the father of Isaac	201
773688066	Bhagavad-Gita	(Hinduism) the sacred 'song of God' composed about 200 BC and incorporated into the Mahabharata (a Sanskrit epic)	202
773688067	boddhisatva	Buddhist worthy of nirvana who postpones it to help others	203
773688068	dharma	in Hinduism, the duties and obligations of each caste	204
773688069	diaspora	the dispersion or spreading of something that was originally localized (as a people or language or culture)	205
773688070	ethnic religions	focus on one ethnic group and generally have not spread into other cultures	206
773688071	Hebrew Bible	the name used by Jews for their scripture that is basically the same as Christians' Old Testament.	207
773688072	Jesus of Nazareth	a teacher and prophet born in bethlehem and active in nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity	208
773688073	Judaism	the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud	209
773688074	karma	(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation	210
773688075	Mahabhrata	one of two Indian epics, also a religious text, provides information about the period of intermingling of cultures. The other epic is Ramayana.	211
773688076	moksha	the Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.	212
773688077	mudras	choreographed hand movements used in the rituals of vajrayana buddhism	213
773688078	nirvana	the lasting peace that Buddhists seek by giving up selfish desires	214
773688079	Paul	(New Testament) a Christian missionary to the Gentiles	215
773688080	Ramayana	one of two classical Hindu epics telling of the banishment of Rama from his kingdom and the abduction of his wife by a demon and Rama's restoration to the throne	216
773688081	reciprocity	the obligation to return in kind what another has done for us	217
773688082	Rig Veda	a collection of 1,017 Sanskrit hymns composed about 1500 BC or earlier; Hinduism's oldest sacred text.	218
773688083	Shiva	an important Hindu deity who in the trinity of gods was the Destroyer	219
773688084	universalizing religions	a religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.	220
773688085	Vishnu	a Hindu god considered the preserver of the world	221
773688086	xiao	filial piety, the virtue of reverence and respect for family (CONFUCIANISM)	222
773688087	ren	an attitude of kindness and benevolence or a sense of humanity for Confucianism.	223
773688088	li	calls for individuals to behave in conventionally appropriate fashion in Confucianism.	224
773688089	yin-yang	in Daoist belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. One is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities while the other with feminine, dark, and passive qualities.	225