Unit 4 (1450-1750CE) AP World Review Flashcards

Key terms from Princeton Review: Cracking the AP World History Exam 2013 and AP World History: An Essential Coursebook

777371442	absolute monarch	ruler with complete control over the government and the lives of the people.	0
777371443	atheist	one who does not believe in God	1
777371444	capitalism	an economic system based on private property and free enterprise	2
777371445	cash crop	farm crop grown to be sold or traded rather than used by the farm family	3
777371446	circumnavigate	to sail completely around the world	4
777371447	colonization	system of settling new lands that remain under the government of their native land	5
777371448	commerce	the buying and selling of goods	6
777371449	commercial	related to business	7
777371450	commonwealth	a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them	8
777371451	continuity	the property of a continuous and connected period of time	9
777371452	convent	a religious residence especially for nuns	10
777371453	currency	the metal or paper medium of exchange that is presently used	11
777371454	deists	believed that God created the universe to act through natural laws; Franklin, Jefferson, Paine	12
777371455	demography	the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations	13
777371456	divine right	belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.	14
777371457	dominant	exercising influence or control	15
777371458	divine	being or having the nature of a god	16
777371459	hedonism	an ethical system that evaluates the pursuit of pleasure as the highest good	17
777371460	hinder	to slow or impede the progress of	18
777371461	humanism	the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason	19
777371462	institution	an organization founded and united for a specific purpose	20
777371463	jurisdiction	an area of authority or control; the right to administer justice	21
777371464	left-wing	the liberal, socialist, or radical section of a political party or system	22
777371465	mercantilism	an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought	23
777371466	monastic	related to monks or monasteries; removed from worldly concerns	24
777371467	monk	someone who withdraws from ordinary life, and lives alone or in a community, in order to devote oneself to prayer and work in total dedication to God	25
777371468	monopoly	(economics) a market in which there are many buyers but only one seller	26
777371469	morality	motivation based on ideas of right and wrong	27
777371470	nun	a woman who has taken a sacred vow to devote her life to prayer and service to the church	28
777371471	papacy	the government of the Roman Catholic Church	29
777371472	papal	having to do with the pope	30
777371473	parliament	a legislative assembly in certain countries (e.g., Great Britain)	31
777371474	pope	the head of the Roman Catholic Church	32
777371475	revolution	the overthrow of a government by those who are governed	33
777371476	right-wing	those who support political or social or economic conservatism	34
777371477	salvation	the state of being saved or preserved from harm	35
777371478	sanctioned	conforming to orthodox or recognized rules	36
777371479	satire	a type of writing that ridicules the shortcomings of people or institutions in an attempt to bring about a change	37
777371480	utopia	ideally perfect state	38
777371481	venerate	regard with feelings of respect and reverence	39
777371482	Age of Reason	a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions	40
777371483	Akbar the Great	known for religious tolerance. grandson of Babur who created a strong central government	41
777371484	Batavia, Indonesia	fort established in 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta	42
777371485	John Calvin	Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)	43
777371486	Colombian Exchange	the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa	44
777371487	Catholic Reformation	a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation	45
777371488	Dutch East India Company	government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.	46
777371489	Edict of Nantes	document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots	47
777371490	Edict of Fountainbleu	revoked Edict of Nantes- Huguenots lost right to practice Calvinism and fled	48
777371491	Elizabeth I	English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise	49
777371492	encomienda system	system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.	50
777371493	English Bill of Rights	document that gave England a government based on a system of laws and a freely elected parliament	51
777371494	English Commonwealth	period in English history where the nation had no monarch; began w/ execution of Charles I and ended w/ restoration of Charles II; led by Oliver Cromwell	52
777371495	European exploration	voyages to new territories by European navigators in the 15th century,	53
777371496	Floating Empires	Portuguese and the Spanish set out to sea, controlled many major shipping routes	54
777371497	Goa, India	island off the coast of India that was the base of Portuguese trade	55
777371498	Gutenberg's Printing Press	this invention helped to promote the Reformation and increased European literacy	56
777371499	Hacienda system	similar to the feudal system, Natives got money and had to buy their products from their owners	57
777371500	Hapsburg Spain	Charles V was the king here and this is where counter reformation was strongest.	58
777371501	Henry Tudor	also known as Henry VII, victor of the War of the Roses, Lancasterian	59
777371502	heliocentric theory	planets revolve around the sun	60
777371503	huguenots	French Protestants	61
777371504	Indulgences	remission of the punishment for sin by the clergy in return for services or payments	62
777371505	Jannissary Corps	Christian boys who were taken by the Muslim Ottomans to train and serve in the military. They often converted to Islam as they lost all Christian influence.	63
777371507	Jesuit Order	a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen	64
777371509	Law of Heavenly Bodies	Copernicus believed that heavenly bodies were in constant rotation	65
777371511	Martin Luther	German theologian who led the Reformation	66
777371513	Louis XIV	king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)	67
777371515	Qing Dynasty	the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries; during the Qing dynasty China was ruled by the Manchu	68
777371517	Peter the Great	ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, wanted closer ties to western europe, modernize and strengthen Russia	69
777371519	Philip II of Spain	this was the king who started the success of Spain's foreign colonies	70
777371521	Potosi Silver Mine	silver mine in the interior of South America; great silver mountain that would bring Spanish wealth	71
777371523	Protestant Reformation	a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	72
777371525	Roman Catholic Church	the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy	73
777371528	Scientific Methods	a series of steps followed to solve problems, including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions	74
777371530	Scientific Revolution	an era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method	75
777371532	Silver (Single) Whip System	1581, imposed by Chief Grand Secretary Zhang Juzheng ordered that all land taxes in China must be paid in silver; this reform monetized the Chinese tax system	76
777371534	Straits of Malacca	well-traveled stretch of water between Malaysia and Indonesia used for trade along the Spice Route	77
777371537	Suleiman the Magnificent	The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire, 'The Lawgiver.' he expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.	78
777371539	Thirty Years War	this was the international war between the Protestants and Catholics that eventually ended religious conflicts in Europe	79
777371541	Tokugawa Shogunate	Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences	80
777371543	Treaty of Westphalia	1648, ended the 30 Year War and created the state system.	81
777371545	The Vatican	the palace in Rome in which the Pope lives; the control center of the Roman Catholic Church	82
777371547	Zheng He	Chinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty, he led great voyages that spread China's fame throughout Asia	83
777371549	95 Theses	written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation.	84
777371551	absolutism	a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)	85
777371553	Anglican Church	church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases	86
777371555	Tycho Brahe	(1546-1601) established himself as Europe's foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of 1572.	87
777371557	Miguel de Cervantes	Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form	88
777371560	Nicholas Copernicus	He thought that the sun was the center & the plants went around the sun in circles	89
777371562	"early modern" period	the time period of 1450 - 1750 (it is called this because events occurring in this time directly shape regional/political units of todays world)	90
777371564	empirical evidence	scientific evidence obtained by careful observation and experimentation	91
777371565	English Civil War	conflict from 1640-1660; religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues (the powers of the monarch); ended w/ restoration of the monarch following execution of previous king	92
777371566	Enlightenment	a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions	93
777371567	Galileo	Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars	94
777371568	Gunpowder Empires	Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.	95
777371569	Johann Gutenberg	German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)	96
777371570	joint-stock companies	businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses	97
777371571	Johannes Kepler	German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)	98
777371572	land-based powers	governments controlled lands by building armies, bureaucracies, and roads, etc. that unified regions	99
777371573	sea-based powers	nations who built larger empires by controlling sea routes and colonies	100
777371574	Leonardo da Vinci	A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.	101
777371575	constitutional monarchy	a system of governing in which the ruler's power is limited by law	102
777371576	John Locke	English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)	103
777371577	Niccolo Machiavelli	a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527)	104
777371578	Medici family	powerful banking family who ruled Florence in the 1400s, patrons of the arts	105
777371579	Mercator Projection	a map projection of the earth onto a cylinder	106
777371580	Baron de Montesqieu	created the idea of seperation of power	107
777371581	Nasir al-Din	Islamic 13th century scholar who wrote mathematical tables	108
777371582	Isaac Newton	defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.	109
777371583	patrons	a person who supports artists, especially financially	110
777371584	putting-out system	system of merchant-capitalists delivering raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment	111
777371585	Raphael	(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.	112
777371586	"Renaissance Man"	a scholar during the Renaissance who (because knowledge was limited) could know almost everything about many topics	113
777371587	Jacques Rousseau	French philosopher that believed the right to rule should be from the people, not a king.	114
777371588	rule of law	principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern	115
777371589	William Shakespeare	English dramatist and poet; considered one of the greatest writers in the English Language	116
777371590	Adam Smith	Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)	117
777371591	Voltaire	believed in religious tolerance and freedom of speech	118
777371592	Atahualpa	last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.	119
777371593	caravel	a small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.	120
777371594	castas	middle-level status between Europeans and pure minorities (made up of mezitos and mulattoes)	121
777371595	Christopher Columbus	Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)	122
777371596	conquistadors	Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain	123
777371597	Hernan Cortes	Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)	124
777371598	creoles	descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status	125
777371599	Vasco Da Gama	Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India	126
777371600	Bartholomew Dias	Portuguese navigator that discovered the Cape of Good Hope	127
777371601	encomenderos	Spanish settlers who were in charge of the natives working on the encomiendas	128
777371602	Atlantic Circuit	the network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas	129
777371603	Henry the Navigator	Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.	130
777371604	indentured servant	person who agreed to work for a colonial employer for a specified time in exchange for passage to America.	131
777371605	Bartholome de Las Casas	a Spanish priest who settled in the New World and was against the torture and genocide of Native Americans.	132
777371606	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.	133
777371607	Manila galleons	Heavily armed, fast ships that brought luxury goods from China to Mexico and carried silver from Mexico to China.	134
777371608	mestizos	people of Native American and European descent	135
777371609	Middle Passage	a voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies	136
777371610	Moctezuma	Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes.	137
777371611	mulattos	people of mixed African and European ancestry	138
777371612	peninsulares	Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class	139
777371613	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)	140
777371614	Protestant work ethic	way of life based on Biblical teaching that God expects all men to work and all work is a noble duty to be performed toward God	141
777371615	Treaty of Tordesillas	set the boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.	142
777371616	viceroyalties	provinces ruled by viceroys, direct representatives of the monarch.	143
777371617	viceroys	representatives of the Spanish monarch in Spain's colonial empire	144
777371618	Yongle	Chinese Ming emperor who pushed foreign exploration and promoted cultural achievements such as the Yongle Encyclopedia.	145
777371619	African Diaspora	the forced removal of Africans from their homeland to serve as slaves in the Americas	146
777371620	Asante	African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory	147
777371621	Benin	a kingdom that arose near the Niger River delta in the 1300s and became a major West African state in the 1400s	148
777371622	Cape Colony	a former province of southern South Africa that was settled by the Dutch in 1652 and ceded to Great Britain in 1814	149
777371623	Dahomey	West African kingdom that became strong through its rulers' exploitation of the slave trade.	150
777371624	Olaudah Equiano	sold into slavery at age 11; after gaining freedom, he spoke out against slavery and published his autobiography	151
777371625	Kongo	kingdom based on agriculture; formed on lower Kongo River; capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy	152
777371626	"army of the pure"	Sikh army that challenged the Mughals	153
777371627	Babur	founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530.	154
777371628	devshirme	Ottoman policy of taking boys from Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers	155
777371629	"Divine Faith"	one of Akbar's attempts to reconcile Muslim and Hindu people; a combination of Muslim, Hindu, Zoroastrian, Christian and Sikh	156
777371630	Fatehepur Sikri	pre-mughal Indian, Persian, and central Asian architecture. Seen in forts, palaces, gardens, mosques, tombs, cenotaphs.	157
777371631	guru	each of the first ten leaders of the Sikh religion	158
777371632	Hidden Imam	12th descendant of Ali who disappeared as a child	159
777371633	imam	a leader of prayer in a mosque	160
777371634	Ismail	this man was a ruthless leader of the Safavid Empire who executed all Sunni Muslims in his empire	161
777371635	Mughal Empire	Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.	162
777371636	Nanuk	(1469-1539) stressed meditation and drew upon Islam and Hinduism; first guru	163
777371637	Ottoman Empire	major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa	164
777371638	purdah	the traditional Middle Eastern custom of seclusion for women	165
777371639	qizilbash	swordsmen calvary of the Safavid	166
777371640	Safavid Empire	Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia between 16th and 18th centuries	167
777371641	sati	Hindu custom that called for a wife to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre	168
777371642	Shah Abbas I	the fifth and most renowned ruler of the Safavid dynasty in Iran (r. 1587-1629); moved the royal capital to Isfahan in 1598.	169
777371643	sikhism	the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam	170
777371644	Taj Mahal	beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife	171
777371645	Twelver Shi'ism	a religion based on Muslim beliefs, as well as the 'hidden Imam'	172
777371646	"alternate attendance"	practice of shoguns requiring samuari to spend extended periods of time at the court in Edo	173
777371647	boyars	Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts	174
777371648	cossaks	undertook their own campaigns of expansion and vastly extended the range of Russian influence.	175
777371649	daimyos	powerful warlord that controlled big estates; the best person from this class would become the shogun	176
777371650	"floating worlds"	term for centers of urban culture in Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate.	177
777371651	Toyotomi Hideyoshi	general under Nobunaga; leading military power in central Japan; broke power of the diamyos; became military master in 1590	178
777371652	Tokugawa Ieyasu	this man established a shogunate that would dominate Japan for hundreds of years	179
777371653	Ivan III	"Ivan the Great"; ruled as great prince and first ruler of the independent state called Russia	180
777371654	Ivan IV	the Terrible, beat the Mongols, Tartars, and the Poles, forced nobles into service, first ruler to take the title tsar	181
777371655	Kangxi	Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire.	182
777371656	Qianlong	ruler that helped to secure Qing borders but ended up causing the downfall of the Qing Dynasty	183
777371657	queue	the braided pigtail that was traditionally worn by Chinese males in Qing Dynasty	184
777371658	Matteo Ricci	Italian Jesuit who wanted to convert China to Christianity during the Ming dynasty	185
777371659	Romanov Family	royal family that ruled Russia for over 300 years that was overthrown and killed by Lenin	186
777371660	Table of Ranks	created by Peter, it creates opportunities for nonnobles to serve the state and join the nobility ... nobility based on merit	187
777371661	"Window on the West"	St. Petersburg on newly acquired lands on the Baltic Sea	188