Revolutions Flashcards
Scientific Revolution and Enlightment
Political Revolutions
Reactions Against Revolutionary Ideas
Global Nationalism
Economic and Social Revolution
Japan and Meiji Restoration
Imperialism
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| 733446833 | Scientific Revolution | The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. Leaders of the movement: (early on Copernicus, Galileo) Newton & Rene Descartes | 1 | |
| 733446834 | Nicolaus Copernicus | A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system. | 2 | |
| 733446835 | Heliocentric theory | The idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun | 3 | |
| 733446836 | Galileo Galilei | Scientist who built the first telescope and proved that planets and moons move. Persecuted for supporting Copernicus' ideas | 4 | |
| 733446837 | Isaac Newton | English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple. | 5 | |
| 733446838 | Enlightenment | An intellectual movement concentrated in France during the 1700's developed rational laws to describe social behavior and applied their findings in support of human rights and liberal economic theories. Leaders: John Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau & Voltaire | 6 | |
| 733446839 | Natural Laws | The concept, as stated by John Locke that all people are born with certain rights such as life, liberty and property. | 7 | |
| 733446840 | John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. | 8 | |
| 733446841 | Baron De Montesquieu | French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government. | 9 | |
| 733446842 | Voltaire | French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Supported religious toleration; Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government. | 10 | |
| 733446843 | checks and balances | A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power | 11 | |
| 733446844 | Jean Jacques Rousseau | A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy | 12 | |
| 733446845 | The Social Contract | major work by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Rousseau states that governmental organization should be based on the general will of a society and should conform to the nature of human beings, and that the majority in a government has a right to banish resistant minorities. | 13 | |
| 733446846 | scientific method | A method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses | 14 | |
| 733446847 | enlightened despots | European rulers who sought to apply some of the reforms of the 18th century Enlightenment to their governments without giving up their own absolutist authority. These rulers were characterized by legal, administrative, and educational improvements when it suited the state and as a means to enhance its power. Examples of these rulers include Frederick the Great of Prussia (r. 1740-1786), Catherine the Great of Russia (r. 1762-1796), and Joseph II of Austria (r. 1780-1790). | 15 | |
| 733446848 | Catherine the Great | Ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations, continued Peter's policies of westernization | 16 | |
| 733446849 | censorship | Control of what people read or write or see or hear; efforts to prohibit free expression of ideas | 17 | |
| 733446850 | Maria Theresa | Empress of Austria, 1740-1780, made education available for all children, did away with forced labor for peasants of Austria, improved the tax sytem the reforms made-brought greater equality for Austrian society | 18 | |
| 733446851 | Declaration of Independence | The document approved by representatives of the American colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances against the British monarch and declared their independence. | 19 | |
| 733446852 | Estates General | France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. | 20 | |
| 733446853 | National Assembly | French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. | 21 | |
| 733446854 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and of teh Citizen | Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution (1789); stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens; later became a politcal source for other liberal movements | 22 | |
| 733446855 | Maximilien Robespierre | Leading figure of the French Revolution; he was known for his intense dedication to the Revolution. He became increasingly radical and lead the National Convention during its most bloodthirsty time | 23 | |
| 733446856 | Common Sense | a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation | 24 | |
| 733446857 | Seizure of the Bastille | July 14, 1789 working class people led an uprising over the cost of bread stormed the prison instigating fighting all over the countryside (The Great Fear) peasants attacked nobles and destroyed their homes; date is viewed as independence day in France | 25 | |
| 733446858 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Instituted policies that instilled a great of nationism, most French were Catholic so to restore stability to France, in 1801 agreed with the pope to recognize Catholicism as religion of the majority of French people, and pope wouldn't ask for the return of church lands from the revolution; Catholic church no longer enemy of French gov't, and those owning church lands were avid supporters of his regime; set out to conquer Europe, failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | 26 | |
| 733446859 | coup d'etat | A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group | 27 | |
| 733446860 | Napoleonic Code | This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy | 28 | |
| 733446861 | Toussaint L'Overture | 1803 - Led a slave rebellion which took control of Haiti, the most important island of France's Caribbean possessions. The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth, and encouraged him to sell Louisiana to the U.S. | 29 | |
| 733446862 | Simon Bolivar | The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. | 30 | |
| 733446863 | Jose de San Martin | South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru | 31 | |
| 733446864 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon | 32 | |
| 733446865 | Prince Clemens von Metternich | He was Austria's representative at the Congress of Vienna, he feared Russia gaining too much power along with liberalism and nationalism as a threat to Austria's power with in Europe. He also wanted to renew good relations with France. | 33 | |
| 733446866 | balance of power | The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful. | 34 | |
| 733446867 | conservatism | a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes | 35 | |
| 733446868 | liberalism | a political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties. | 36 | |
| 733446869 | nationalism | The aspiration for national independence felt by people under foreign domination. Love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it | 37 | |
| 733446870 | oligarchy | A system of government in which a small group holds power | 38 | |
| 733446871 | Cash Crop economy | An economic system based on the exportation of certain crops such as sugar, cotton, and coffee. | 39 | |
| 733446872 | Francisco "Pancho" Villa | A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. | 40 | |
| 733446873 | Crimean War | A war fought in the middle of the nineteenth century between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, and France on the other. RUssia was defeated and the independence of Turkey was guaranteed | 41 | |
| 733446874 | Otto von Bismark | Prussian Diplomat responsible for the unification of Germany. Cunning politician, fights Danes with Austrians and Germans. Expels Austrians from Zollverein, fights Austrian-Prussian war w/ help of Germans. Gets North Germkan Confederation, led by Prussia. Then fights French, Franco-Prussian war, gets rest of Germany and Alsace-Lorraine. Diplomat under William I of Prussia, and then Wiliam II, who makes the mistake of firing him. | 42 | |
| 733446875 | Mexican Revolution | (1910 - 1920) A political revolution that removed dictator Porfirio Diaz, and hoped to institute democratic reforms. While a constitution was written in 1917, it was many more years until true change occurred. | 43 | |
| 733446876 | Agrarian Revolution | A change in farming methods that allowed for a greater production of food. This revolution was fueled by the use of new farming technology such as the seed drill and improved fertilizers. The result of this revolution was a population explosion due to the higher availability of food. It was one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution. | 44 | |
| 733446877 | Industrial Revolution | The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850. England had available resources, new technology and capital | 45 | |
| 733446878 | laissez faire | The doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs | 46 | |
| 733446879 | Adam Smith | Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790) His ideas are found in his book The Wealth of Nations | 47 | |
| 733446880 | capitalism | An economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth. | 48 | |
| 733446881 | supply and demand | An economic concept that states that the price of a good rises and falls depending on how many people want it (demand) and depending on how much of the good is available (supply) | 49 | |
| 733446882 | Karl Marx | German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences. | 50 | |
| 733446883 | suffrage | The right to vote. | 51 | |
| 733446884 | proletariat | the industrial working class | 52 | |
| 733446885 | Meiji Restoration | Enlightened Rule (18186 - 1912) A series of reforms to modernize Japan: sent best and brightest out to learn about Western methods; used Western methods to create an industrial economy... Gov't built factories and sold them to wealthy families called Zaibatsu; Gov't also built better banking system, infrastructure inc. ports, RRs and roads.. by 1890s had a strong economy; Created a strong Central Gov't based on German model - Emperor + a 2 house legislature (only one house elected); Increased military development w/ a modern navy and army - all men had to enter the military; Increased education opportunities available but still class inequality particularly for women | 53 | |
| 733446886 | Zaibatsu | Wealthy Japanese families that controlled banking and industry | 54 | |
| 733446887 | spheres of influence | An area of one country under the control of another. In China, these areas guaranteed specific trading privileges to each imperialist nation within its respective sphere. | 55 | |
| 733446888 | Taiping Rebellion | The most destructive Chinese civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. | 56 | |
| 733446889 | Boxer Rebellion | Also known as The Boxer Uprising, this was the popular peasant uprising in China (supported nationally), that blamed foreign people and institutions for the loss of the traditional Chinese way of life. "Boxers" were traditionally skilled fighters that attacked Westerners, beginning with Christian missionaries. | 57 | |
| 733446890 | Sun Yixian | The first great leader of the Kuomintang. In 1912, he overthrew the Qing Dyansty. He became president of China: 1. make it a democracy, 2. end foreign domination, 3. create a stable economic security for Chinese people (also known as Sun Yat-sen) | 58 | |
| 733446891 | Old Imperialism | A European policy of conquest that occurs in the 15th through 18th centuries in Africa, India, the Americas, and parts of Asia The motives were the same for most areas, the establishment of lucrative trade routes. Various European countries dominated these trades routes and one time or another, and a some countries, such as Great Britain and Spain, came to dominate entire countries. | 59 | |
| 733446892 | New Imperialism | Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories mostly focused on Africa and Asia | 60 | |
| 733446893 | scramble for Africa | Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. | 61 | |
| 733446894 | Zulu Empire | Shaka organized the Zulu warriers into a tremendous fighting force; he used this force against slave traders and ivory hunters; created the Zulu nation | 62 | |
| 733446895 | Boer | Dutch colonists to southern Africa; built Cape Town as a supply station | 63 | |
| 733446896 | Boer War | 1890 - Cecil Rhodes PM of Cape Colony; launched an expansion of the colony and annexed the Boer colonies to the north - Boers resisted and the costly war lasted from 1899 - 1902 ended w/ bitter distrust and hatred between the two groups as well as the creation of the Union of South Africa | 64 | |
| 733446897 | Cecil Rhodes | British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him. | 65 |