AP World History Unit 5 Flashcards

APWH Unit 5 1750 - 1870
"Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World"
"The Early Industrial Revolution"
"Nation Building & Economic Transformation in the Americas"
"Africa, India, & the New British Empire"
"Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism"
"The New Power Balance"
"The New Imperialism"

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696898876	Seven Years War 1756-1763	England vs. France England wins India and midwest territories in the US Both countries raised taxes	1
696898877	The Englightenment	liberal movement that applied Scientific Revolution to everyday life; most philosophers were French	2
696898878	John Locke	most influential to Revolutions/Declarations; believed people are born good, have natural rights, limited government, citizens have duty to overthrow bad governments	3
696898879	Jean Jacques Rousseau	believed in minimum government control, collective good, hated oppression, valued the majority	4
696898880	Thomas Hobbes	not as liberal; wrote Leviathan; believed in social order because people were born bad	5
696898881	Montesquieu	believed in division of government powers	6
696898882	Voltaire	inspired 1st Amendment: freedom of religion, speech, and press; was against monarchy, brought ideas from China	7
696898883	despots	Catherine the Great of Russia & Frederick of Prussia; patronized the Enlightenment	8
696898884	Benjamin Franklin	believed in earning opportunity through merit not heredity	9
696898885	English colonial problems post-1763	conflict with Natives over fur trade / taxation without representation / Proclamation of 1763 & Quebec Act 1774	10
696898886	new colonial taxes	Stamp Act: on everyday products Townshend Act: on goods from Europe used in small businesses Tea tax: East Indian Company had monopoly on Indian tea	11
696898887	Sons of Liberty	at front of protests against British	12
696898888	Boston Massacre 1770	colonial propaganda against the British; 5 civilians killed by British soldiers	13
696898889	"Common Sense"	written by Thomas Paine to spur revolution among colonists	14
696898890	Intolerable Acts	punishment for NE colonies after Boston Tea Party. 1- Boston harbor shut down/regulated by British 2- Marshall law (British military runs government)	15
696898891	Continental Congress	1775; formed army with General Washington; tried to implement colonial currency	16
696898892	loyalists	supported by slaves & Amerindians	17
696898893	American allies	France (navy, training, resources) Spain & Netherlands (weapons)	18
696898894	Battle of Yorktown	1778, Washington defeats Cornwallis	19
696898895	Treaty of Paris 1783	officially ended the American Revolution, Britain recognized US as independent	20
696898896	Articles of Confederation	aimed at keeping national government weak, short term president, no taxes; accomplished nothing	21
696898897	Constitutional Convention 1787	formed new and improved US Constitution: taxes, majority vote, centralized	22
696898898	Estates General	First Estate: clergy Second Estate: nobles Third Estate: peasants, merchants, artisans, bourgeoisie 98% of population	23
696898899	National Assembly	collectively unifies Third Estate, wrote up Declaration of Rights of Man, was called for arrest	24
696898900	"French disease"	Austria and Prussia threatened to interfere in French Revolution, National Assembly declared war on them in 1971	25
696898901	Storming of Bastille	July 14, 1789: beginning of French Revolution	26
696898902	guillotine	"humane" execution method, symbol of violent French revolution	27
696898903	The Terror	1793-1794: Robespierre's ruthless, bloody, dictatorial rule of the French Revolution	28
696898904	National Convention	radical liberal group (Jacobins & Girondists & more extreme Mountain faction), hated the Church	29
696898905	Maximilien Robespierre	leader of National Convention Mountain faction; executed anyone who supported monarchy, eventually arrested and executed	30
696898906	The Directory	5 man group elected after The Terror; got nothing done	31
696898907	Napoleon Bonaparte	popular authoritarianism; limited Church; liberal reforms; forced French culture upon conquered people; repressed women & freedoms of speech/press	32
696898908	Gens de Couler	free colored people in Haiti who led Haitian Revolution	33
696898909	Saint Dominique	sugar production = brutal slavery & wealth	34
696898910	Toussaint Louverture	led Haitian Revolution, was imprisoned in France	35
696898911	Haitian Revolution	1794 -1804	36
696898912	American Revolution	1776 - 1783	37
696898913	French Revolution	1789 - 1792	38
696898914	Congress of Vienna	Napoleon's enemies (Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria) meet up to reestablish monarchy and conservatism, results in Holy Alliance that represses liberalism/nationalism in Spain & Italy	39
696898915	Greek independence	from Ottomans in 1830s	40
696898916	War of 1812	US declares war on England after they kidnap American shipmen as impressment to blockade France; US is forced to industralize, ends up winning	41
696898917	Corn Laws	50% tax on corn in Britain, gets people to vote indirectly	42
696898918	Revolutions of 1848	all across continental Europe, including second French Revolution (monarchy overthrown forever)	43
696898919	industrializing European nations by 1850	England, Wales, France, Belgium, Germanic states	44
696898920	5 innovations that led to industrial economy	mass production (division of labor), mechanization, iron manufacturing, steam engine, electric telegraph	45
696898921	Chartism	led by Lovett and O'Connor; appealed to miners/industrial workers; left a legacy but was rejected	46
696898922	Muhammad Ali	driving force of Egyptian industrialization, built up Egyptian economy/military, ordered peasants to grow cotton	47
696898923	Why did imperial countries fuel the Industrial Revolution?	They were more advanced and had lots of resources.	48
696898924	causes of the Industrial Revolution	1- population growth 2- agricultural revolution 3- trade/inventiveness 4- england	49
696898925	Technological Revolution	mass production (pottery), mechanization (cotton industry), iron industry (cheap), steam engine (most revolutionary invention, allowed deeper travel), railroads (triggered coal industry)	50
697193172	Latin American Revolution	1810-1825; started by creole elites who feared lower classes taking control; inspired by Napoleon and Enlightenment	51
697193174	Laissez-faire	economic system supported by Adam Smith (father of economics) where the government has no intervention in the economy and it is self regulated by the people	52
697193175	Positvists	utopian socialists; Robert Owen	53
697193177	Simon Bolivar	led Venezuela's independence, inspired others, was a smart, military elite, led by force/charisma to gain mulattoes/slaves/natives as allies, promised them gains but lied	54
697193179	Jose de San Martin	led Southern Liberation Forces	55
697193181	Gran Columbia	formed in 1824; confederation of newly independent Latin American states	56
697193183	Mexican Independence	1810-1823; was Spain's richest colony; priests Hidalgo & Morelos led violent rebellions and were crushed by loyalists; second rebellion by Agustin de Iturbide won independence in 1821	57
697193185	Brasilian Independence	King John VI ruled in Brazil until 1821; Pedro stayed in Brazil and declared himself king with an independent constitutional monarchy, his liberal policies made him unpopular, he abdicated in favor of his son who reigned till 1889	58
697193187	power turnovers in Latin America	had no experience with constitutionalism unlike US and Canada; had bad influences from Napoleon	59
697193188	Personalist leader	aka Populist leader. sought to represent the people and undermine the constitutional order and move toward dictatorship	60
697193190	US Civil War	1860-1865; example of regionalism in the US	61
697193194	European intervention in Latin America	mostly successful; Spanish American War 1898, US gained Cuba, PR, DR, Guam, Philippines); US annexes Texas; French invasion of Mexico	62
697193196	US abolishes slavery	1865- 13th Amendment	63
697193197	Brazil abolishes slavery	1888	64
697193199	Cuba abolishes slavery	1886	65
697193201	Puerto Rico abolishes slavery	1873	66
697193203	Russia abolishes slavery	1861	67
697193204	American immigration	as slave trade ends, immigration from Europe and Asia to the Americas increased	68
697193206	Feminist movement	second half of 19th century, women's rights progressed slowly, Western countries; only upperclass women were politically active	69
697193208	neocolonialism	nonindustrialized nation depends on industrialized nation economically, is only politically independent	70
697193210	sphere of influence	intimidation is used to influence another country's decisions	71
697193212	protectorate	native leader appointed, dominant government has influence, indirect rule	72
697193214	colony annex	colonizing directly, often violently	73
698124673	crown jewel of Britain	India (cotton, tea, spices, gold, rice, etc)	74
698124675	nawabs	independent de facto rulers of regions of India after Mughal Empire fell	75
698124677	Company Men	from the British East India Company; est. trading posts and hired sepoys for protection; pushed out French and forced the Mughal to recognize them as "Bombay Presidency"	76
698124678	sepoys	Indian soldiers hired by English men	77
698124679	raj	the British Company's rule of India; administrative/social reform placed less emphasis on caste, aculturation, Christianity; supported Indian customs through superficial parades	78
698124680	Before 1850s...	the English created a government that relied on sepoy military that disarmed Indian warriors, protected Christian missionaries.English's private lands, endorsed "traditional" rituals	79
698124681	Indian elites	benefited from British political and economic influence while poor was oppressed	80
698124682	Indian textile industry	collapsed due to competition with British industrialization	81
698124683	Sepoy Rebellion 1857	Sepoys revolt against British; was a severe shock to British; British government now assumes control of India	82
698124684	causes of Sepoy Rebellion	animal fat greased bullet casings were against religion; forced to travel to places outside caste restrictions; sati abolished and divorce allowed	83
698124685	British control of India	London in control; Indian princes kept in luxury to appease people; Durbar (fake ceremonies of Indian culture)	84
698124686	Indian Civil Service	for bureaucrats (Indian & British), only British had highest status	85
698124687	expanding production in India	British empire's money led to agricultural commodities, irrigation systems, railroads, and telegraphs, but DOES NOT INDUSTRIALIZE INDIA AS A WHOLE, only does this to benefit themselves. spread of cholera also leads to new sewage systems	86
698124688	Pan Indian nationalism	embracing Indian pride and some British culture	87
698124689	Rammouhan Roy and the Brahmo Smaj movement	Western secular values to replace caste, reforms traditional abuses of women to remove sati, Western nationalism that transcends religious differences	88
698124690	First Indian National Congress 1885	national/Hindu unity, service to community/education, mostly members of high castes, overall gained no widespread Indian support	89
698124691	Cape Colony	valuable because of strategic importance as supply station and resources en route to India	90
698124692	Afrikaners	people of white descent in South Africa (French/Dutch)	91
698124693	Great Trek	1836 and 1839 to find new colonies on fertile high veld that had been depopulated by Zulu Wars	92
698124694	Southeast Asia	Singapore, Assam & Burma annexed in 1820s	93
698124695	British interest in	trade, not territory	94
698124696	Australia	first sighted by Portuguese in 17th cent., colonized by English; Aborigines and Maori died off mostly; was a penal colony	95
698124697	Gold in Australia	found in 1851, rush of migrants	96
698124698	migrations	Indian, Chinese, African, Japanese migrated to British colonies, Cuba, and Hawaii; working in sugar production	97
698124699	indentured servants	lower quality lives than British emigrants	98
698124700	Shaka	gave Zulu new national identity	99
698124701	West Africa	slavery still existed, purified Islam & jihad; largest states in Hausa (Sokoto Caliphate); more learning centers; less rights for women as slaves take their jobs	100
698124702	Muhammad Ali	raised military by requiring peasants to grow cotton for exports	101
698124703	Ismail	focused on westernization in Syria, railroads in Cairo, borrowed $$$ from France, when the market for cotton collapsed after Civil War, France and England occupy Egypt	102
698124704	Ethiopian kings	reconquered land in late 19th century, purchased modern weapons and began to manufacture weapons locally, resisted imperialism	103
698124705	David Livingstone & Henry Morton Stanley	missionaries who traced rivers in Africa	104
698124706	1808	British started prohibiting people from slave trade using navy blockades	105
698124707	legitimate trade	Exports from Africa in the nineteenth century that did not include the newly outlawed slave trade. (gold and palm oil sold by Jaga)	106
698124708	Tippu Tip	formed an empire using money gained from selling ivory with high western demand	107
698124709	secondary empires	formed from dependency on European weapons	108
698124710	Sultan Mahmud II	used popular outrage (loss of Greece) to reform/rally, formed new army with no jannisaries and less religious elites (TANZIMAT REFORMS)	109
698124711	Tanzimat Reforms	Ottoman reform; French/German training, general education, foreign instructors, language, urban wealth, clothing, equal taxation, equal access to courts for males, women lose inheritance	110
698124712	The Crimean War	Russia's SW expansion bothers France & England so they fight with Ottoman allies and beat Russia	111
698124713	Impact of Crimean War	warfare tech, Russia discredited, Turk-French unity, percussion caps/breech rifles machine guns, railways, Trench warfare Ottoman changes: continued European model is very expensive = fiscal problems, loans, trade deficit, inflation	112
698124714	Turkish nationalism	law that would permit all men to vote left Muslims worried that Ottoman Empire was no longer a Muslim society, contributed to hositlities against Christians and genocide against Armenians	113
698124715	Young Turks	liberals who wanted westernized politics, constitutionalism, national Turkish state; 1826 granted a constitution but a coup placed a more conservative ruler in place and Ottoman was further weakened	114
698124716	European question	to help or destroy the Ottoman Empire	115
698124717	Russia	had slow development because of isolation	116
698124718	Great Embassy	trip taken by Peter the Great to explore Europe and bring back knowledge and reform Russia	117
698124719	Russia	developed relations with Europe while Ottoman eventually succumbs during 1850-1900	118
698124720	Qing China	restored peace and promoted expansion of agricultural economy	119
698124721	White Lotus Rebellion	under Qing, wanted Buddhism and Ming ways back	120
698124722	Opium war 1839-1850	Qin didn't take British opium trade seriously, banned opium in 1839, Lin Zenxu went to Canton to deal with British, ends w/ Treaty of Nanking which allowed British free trade and extraterritoriality	121
698124723	Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864	pacified poorer Chinese but fell to Chinese/British/French alliance, resulted in 20 mil deaths, depopulation, 14 years of destruction, Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, resurgence of the Plague, and decentralized China	122
698124724	Tongzhi Restoration	reform modeled after USA after Qing, aristocrats contributed as well as France/England; large zones with governors, in general it failed	123
698124725	inventions of the New Industrial Revolution	submarines, electric telegraphs, dynamite, plastics, steels, electricity = world trade increased	124
698124726	until 1914	value of exports from tropical countries remained high	125
698124727	European population	rose worldwide due to diverse diets, medicine, hospitals, etc; people also emigrated to US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina	126
698124728	English Midlands, German Ruhr, Tokyo Bay	pop and size grew tremendously	127
698124729	separate spheres	middle-class ideal where home life was separated from the workplace and womens roles were separate from mens	128
698124730	Victorian Age	increased cleanliness, politeness, raise children, frowned on careers, etc	129
698124731	working class women	domestic servants, textile factories, mothers; long hours, hard labor, sexual abuse, etc	130
698124732	Karl Marx	wrote Communist Manifesto, despised capitalism wanted to ranslate his intellect into political action	131
698124733	labor movements	formed by industrial workers to defend their interests in negotiations with employers (were accused of being communists)	132
698124734	Austria and Hungary	hard to unify because of multiethnic bonds and borders	133
698124735	language	usually the crucial element of creating national unity	134
698124736	Italian unification	popular leaders with influence favored unification, Pope and Austria opposed it as Austria lost land; added Venetia and Papal states to territory	135
698124737	German unification	wars led by Prussia divided German speakers among Prussia, West Austria, etc. Franco-Prussian War	136
698124738	nationalism after 1871	nationalism used to justify imposition of dominant religion, language, or customs on a minority pop...Social Darwinism	137
698124739	Otto Van Bismarck	formed loose coalition with Austria, Hungary, and Russia (Triple Alliance) which formed a strong sense of national unity	138
698124740	The Second Reich	Wilhelm II, keiser of Germany, emphasis on colonization	139
698124741	France	second best army to Germany; universal education; divided between Catholics and republicans; strong nationhood; popular participation in politics	140
698124742	Britain	stable government, disparity in wealth, expensive empire, Irish resentment, splendid isolation	141
698124743	Austria	nationalism weakened slavs and dominated Balkan	142
698124744	Russia	czar Alexander II ended serfdom in 1861	143
698124745	Russo-Japanese War	1904-05; fought over China, Japan won, formation of Dama in Russia	144
698124746	Ci Xi vs Tokugawa	westernization was difficult	145
698124747	Matthew C Perry	American Commodore sent by President Pierce to Japan with fleet of steam worships to demand Japan open trade in 1853	146
698124748	Meiji Restoration	1868-1894; military reform, industrialization, science, engineering; was easy because Japan had a history of adaptation; raised money through taxes and selling government land	147
698124749	Japanese Imperialism	authoritarian constitutional monarchy; sphere of influence in Korea/Manchuria/China	148
698124750	new imperalism	territorial conquest for reorganized new world economy/food/resources; Europeans and Americans	149
698124751	direct imperialism	in Africa, indirect in Latin America	150
698124752	motives for imperalism	political: national prestige/colonial agents cultural: missionary work, adventure, competition, nationalism economic: industrialization, demand for goods, entreprenuers	151
698124753	Europeans and Americans	built new imperialism because they had steamships, Suez Canal, submarine cables, Quinine, machine guns, etc	152
698124754	colonial administration	indigenous elite used as leaders, youth were trained for modern jobs in colonies	153
698124755	khedives	carried out expensive modernization in Egypt	154
698124756	Leopold II of Belgium	first to colonize Africa; wanted rubber from Congo; were violent	155
698124757	Berlin Conference 1885	imperial countries met to split up Africa	156
698124758	Southern Africa	had gold, diamond, crops, ports; English settlers defeated Zi;i amd Xhosa	157
698124759	Cecil Rhodes	used British South African Company to take over land in Central Africa = Rhodesia	158
698124760	Boer War 1899-1902	South African War, between English and Afrikaners; through Armistice treaty all joined collectively and formed the Union of South Africa in 1910	159
698124761	apartheid	by Afrikaners and Union until mid 90s	160
698124762	Menelik II	modernized Ethiopia and resisted Italy in 1896	161
698124763	Thailand/Siam	resisted imperialism	162
698124764	Spanish American War	Philippines annexed in 1898; also gained Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico)	163
698124765	Monroe Doctrine	listed Latin America off limits to anyone but USA	164
698124766	Panama Canal 1903	east to west travel, exploited Panama, took advantage of government	165
698124767	Shi'ite	regards Ali as successor to Mohammed	166
698124768	Sunni	accepts caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad	167
698124769	Abbasid Caliphate	flourishing and prosperous, new capital in Baghdad, Persian influence; golden age of Islam, unity was short lived, fractured into sultanates, overthrown by Mongols	168
698124770	Ummayad Caliphate	illegitimate usurpers, lots of discontent, luxurious living and impiety; overthrown by Abbasid	169
698124771	hadith	journals of Muhammad, Sunna	170
698124772	Sharia law	the code of law derived from the Quran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed	171
698124775	Tang	reunified China after Sui; emperors legitimized control with Buddhism; avoided over centralization, civil service, many benefits for Buddhists, by late 9th cent. Buddhism cracked down	172
698124779	Song inventions	movable type, flying money, calendar, compass, junk, gunpowder, astrolabe; neo Confucianism	173
698124782	Zheng He	eunuch who led voyages of gigantic fleet through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa under Ming Dynasty	174
698124784	Columbian Exchange	The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages	175
698124786	16th century Mediterranean trade	dominated by Italy and Ottoman Muslims	176
698124789	Ottoman Empire	1299	177
698124791	Ibn Battuta	Muslim who traveled to Mali, Persia, and India	178
698124793	Han and Rome	both agriculture economy, dependent on peasantry; homogenous core, expansion of pop, autonomy to local officials, cities were centers of empire, defending borders was hard	179
698124796	Han vs Rome	Romans were more individualistic; no social conduct standard in Rome, greater economic mobility in Rome, China had more divine leadership, Christianity prevailed over Roman tradition, Confucianism is brought back	180
698124798	Bantu migrations	farmers and herders who migrated south from West Africa and spread language	181
698124801	Hellenistic Era	under Alexander the Great; mixture and spread of Greek and Persian fused culture	182
698124803	chronological order	vikings > crusades > black death > columbian exchange	183
698124805	Chang'an	capital of Han and Tang; huge, million residents, most lived outside walls, curfew	184
698124807	Karakoram	capital of Mongol empire	185
698124809	Kilwa	city-state on east African coast; major trading center by 14th century	186
698124811	Cuzco	capital of the Inca empire	187