AP Biology 9th Edition [34] Flashcards

Chapter 34 terms ONLY

158644325	Vertebrates	A series of bones called vertebrae that make up the vertebral column, or backbone	1
158644326	Disparity	Body mass	2
158644327	Notochord	A longitudina, flexible rod located beteween teh digestive tube and the nerve cord	3
158644328	Pharyngeal Clefts	Groves along the sides of the pharynx	4
158644329	Pharyngeal slits	Pharyngeal clefts that have developed into slits that allow water entering the mouth to exit the body without passing through the entire digestive tract	5
158644330	Lancelets	Chordates characterized by their bladelike shape	6
158644331	Tunicates	Urochordata; A clade in the chordates	7
158644332	Neural Crest	A collection of cells that appears near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo	8
158644333	Craniates	The head of a chordate	9
158644334	Dlx Family	A group of transcription factor genes that are used by vertebrates	10
158644335	Conodonts	Slender, soft-bodied vertebrates with prominent eyes controlled by numerous muscles	11
158644336	Mineralized	The formation of a mineral from ions	12
158644337	Gnathostomes	Jawed vertrates	13
158644338	Lateral Line System	Organs that form a row along each side of the body and are sensitive to vibrations in the surrounding water	14
158644339	Placoderms	Armored vertebrates	15
158644340	Acanthodians	A group of jawed vertebrates that went exticnt 289 million years ago	16
158644341	Chondrichthyans	Fishes that have a skeleton composed predominantly of cartilage though often impregnated with calcium	17
158644342	Oviparous	Animals that lay eggs outside the mother's body	18
158644343	Ovoviviparous	Species that retain their fertilized eggs in the oviduct	19
158644344	Viviparous	Species that have their young develop within the uterus and obtain nourishment prior to birth by receiving nuterients from the mother's blood trough placenta	20
158644345	Cloaca	A common chamber that has a single opening to the outside that is used by sharks as as the anus and the end of the reproductive tract	21
158644346	Osteichthyans	A nested clade under vertebrates in which organims have an ossified (bony) endoskeleton	22
158644347	Operculum	A protective bony flap that protects the gills	23
158644348	Swim Bladder	An air sac that helps fish mantain buoyancy	24
158644349	Ray-finned Fishes	Fishes with bony rays that support their fins	25
158644350	Lobe-fins	Rod-shaped bones surrounded by a thick layer of muscle in their pectoral and pelvic fins	26
158644351	Tetrapods	Four footed animals	27
158644352	Amphibians	A class in the taxonomic tree includes frogs and caecilians. Refers to the life stages of many frog species that live first in water and then on land	28
158644353	Amniotes	A group of tetrapods whose extant members are the reptiles and mammals	29
158644354	Amniotic Egg	And egg which contains four specialized membranes: the amnion, the chorion, the yolk sac, and the allantois	30
158644355	Extraembryonic Membranes	Membranes that are part of the egg and not the body of the embryo	31
158644356	Reptile	A clade that includes tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, acrocodilians, and birds.	32
158644357	Ectothermic	absorbance of external heat as the main source of body heat	33
158644358	Endothermic	Self-Maintainence of Body temperature through metabolic activity	34
158644359	Parareptiles	Large, stocky, quadrupedal herbivores; died out by about 200 million years ago, at the end of the Triassic period	35
158644360	Diapsids	An ancient clade with a distinctive pair of holes on each side of the skull to control jaw movement. Gave rise to Lepidosaurs and Archosaurs.	36
158644361	Lepidosaurs	Includes tuataras, lizards, and snakes. This lineage also produced a number of marine reptiles	37
158644362	Archosaurs	The lineage that produced the crocodilians, pterosaurs and dinosaurs	38
158644363	Pterosaurs	The first tetrapods to exhibit flapping flight. The wings consisted of a collagen-strengthened membrane that stretched between the trunk or hind leg and a very long digit on the foreleg	39
158644364	Dinosaurs	Extinct animals that diversified into a vast range of shapes and sizes from bipeds the size of a pigeon to 45-m-long quadrupeds	40
158644365	Theropods	Bipedal Carnivores. Includes the Tyrannosaurus rex	41
158644366	Archaeopteryx	The first feathered theropods that later evolved into birds	42
158644367	Ratites	The group containing flightless species e.g. the ostrich, rhea, kiwi, cassowary, and emu	43
158644368	Mammals	The other amniote lineage that are not reptiles	44
158644369	Synapsids	An early group of amniotes that lacked hair, had a sprawling gait, and laid eggs. A distinctive characteristic of synapsids is the single temporal fenestra, a hole behind the eye socket	45
158644370	Monotremes	Mammals that lay eggs e.g. platypus and four species of echidnas	46
158644371	Marsupials	Mammals with higher metabolic rates and nipples that provide milk. They give birth to live young and teh embryo develops inside the uterus of the female's reproductive tract	47
158644372	Placenta	A structure in which nutrients diffuse into the embryo from the mother's blood	48
158644373	Eutherians	Placental Mammals	49
158644374	Opposable Thumb	The ability to touch the ventral surface 9fingerprint side) of the tip of all four fingers with the ventral surface of the thumb of the same hand	50
158644375	Anthropoids	Clade that includes monkeys and apes. Also includes Lemurs, lorises, and bush babies.	51
158644376	Paleoanthropology	The study of human origins	52
158644377	Hominins	The 20 extinct species that are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees	53