APUSH Chapter 36-39 Review Flashcards

John Heller
Chapter 36-39
APUSH
Mr. Burns

1404276219	Economic Problems - 70s	1: The United States had a burst of inflation in the 1970s because until the 1980s no influential policy makers until Paul Volcker became Chairman of the Federal Reserve who placed a sufficiently high priority on stopping inflation. 2: The policies of the 1960s left economic policy makers of the 1970s with painful dilemmas. They were "Dealt with bad cards" These "bad cards" mixed with bad luck led to high inflation. 3: The last cause was that the great depression made it hard to believe that the business cycle was a fluctuation around rather than a shortfall below potential output and potential employment.	1
1404276220	The women's movement	This was also known as the Feminist movement which supported reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women's suffrage, sexual harassment, and sexual violence.	2
1404276221	Watergate Scandal	A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.	3
1404276222	Desegregation of the South	In 1948 President Truman ordered desegregation of the military. it didn't really happen until the need for manpower in the Korean War forced them to integrate the blacks alongside the whites.	4
1404276223	The Fair Deal	Truman's Fair Deal sought to continue and extend FDR's New Deal. Truman managed to win a minimum wage increase, a public housing bill, and an extension of Social Security to more beneficiaries. He was unsuccessful in his call for national health insurance, aid to education, civil rights legislation, and the repeal of Taft-Hartley.	5
1404276224	Desegregation of the Military	in 1948 President Truman ordered desegregation of the military. it didn't really happen until the need for manpower in the Korean War forced them to integrate the blacks alongside the whites.	6
1404276225	American strategy in Vietnam	American military strategy in the Pacific was called "Island Hopping or leapfrogging". The American Navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American Navy closer to an invasion of the mainland of Japan.	7
1404276226	Plumbers	Ordered to stop leaks (such as the Pentagon Papers) and carry out a variety of illegal actions in the name of "national security"	8
1404276227	Nixon's "Dirty Tricks"	The Watergate Scandal was also referred to as one of Nixon's "Dirty Tricks"	9
1404276228	Pentagon Papers	A classified study of the Vietnam War that was carried out by the Department of Defense. An official of the department, Daniel Ellsberg, gave copies of the study in 1971 to the New York Times and Washington Post. The Supreme Court upheld the right of the newspapers to publish the documents. In response, President Richard Nixon ordered some members of his staff, afterward called the "plumbers," to stop such "leaks" of information. The "plumbers," among other activities, broke into the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist, looking for damaging information on him. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara , revealed among other things that the government had drawn up plans for entering the war even as President Johnson promised that he would not send American troops to Viet.	10
1404276229	Berlin Blockade	The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift.	11
1404276230	Economy of the 50's	During the Eisenhower era, Americans achieved a level of prosperity they had never known before. While other parts of the world struggled to rebuild from the devastation of World War II, citizens of the United States saw their standard of living surpass what previous generations had only dreamed about. Eisenhower himself deserves a good deal of credit for this economic growth. He found the right combination of low taxes, balanced budgets, and public spending that allowed the economy to hum along at a steady clip. He also benefitted from steady growth in spending on new homes and consumer goods as citizens turned away from older notions of thrift and began to buy on credit. It was a decade of prosperity following the war.	12
1404276231	Kent State	an Ohio University where National Guardsmen opened fire on students protesting the Vietnam War on May 4,1970, wounding nine and killing four	13
1404276232	Marshall Plan	A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.	14
1404276233	Cuban Missile Crisis	1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba.	15
1404276234	Cold War Soviet Leaders	The Cold War lasted from 1947 - 1991. Stalin (1928 - 1953) - Most severe of all communist leaders. Collective Leadership (1953 - 1956) - Various members, notably Malenkov, Beria and Khrushchev. Khrushchev (1956 - 1964) - Most liberal of all communist leaders, until Gorbachev. Collective Leadership (1964 - 1971) - Various members, notably Brezhnev and Kosygin Brezhnev (1971 - 1982) - A return to some aspects of Stalin's rule - but not as murderous. Andropov (1982 - 1984) - Attempted some reforms, but died before achieving much. Cherenkov (1984 - 1985) - Attempted some reforms, but died before achieving much. Gorbachev (1985 - 1991) - Reformed much about the USSR, eventually leading to the country's collapse.	16
1404276235	Iron Curtain	A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region	17
1404276236	Sun Belt	U.S. region, mostly comprised of southeastern and southwestern states, which has grown most dramatically since World War II.	18
1404276237	Suburbanization	The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.	19
1404276238	Conformity	Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. Suburbanization is a form of conformity.	20
1404276239	Civil Rights Act of 1964	1964; banned discrimination in public accommodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal	21
1404276240	Civil Rights Act of 1968	This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.	22
1404276241	Voting Rights Act of 1965	Invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it brought jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap.	23
1404276242	Election of 1976	Ford vs Carter, Carter wins. Important because he was the first president from the south for a while and people thought he would bring fresh ideas.	24
1404276243	Election of 1972	With the McGovern campaign in shambles and the Watergate scandal contained, Nixon won overwhelmingly (61% and 520 electoral votes). McGovern, supported only by minorities and low-income voters, carried only MA and Washington DC.	25
1404276244	Election of 1960	Brought about the era of political television. Between Kennedy and Nixon. Issues centered around the Cold War and economy. Kennedy argued that the nation faces serious threats from the soviets. Nixon countered that the US was on the right track under the current administration. Kennedy won by a narrow margin.	26
1404276245	Election of 1968	1968; McCarthy challenged Lyndon B Johnson as politically wounded by the Tet Offensive and the Vietnam War; LBJ stepped down from the running, and Kennedy and McCarthy were left on the Democratic ballot; but Americans turned to Republican Nixon to restore social harmony and end the war	27
1404276246	Arab Oil Boycott	1973, OPEC proclaimed boycott on US in response to the US support of Israel in the 6 day war. Gas prices spiked in the United States.	28
1404276247	Alger Hiss	A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.	29
1404276248	Rosenbergs	Couple executed for giving military secrets to the Soviets in the 1950's	30
1404276249	McCarthyism	The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.	31
1404276250	Tet Offensive	1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet Offensive) defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment	32
1404276251	Detente	A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.	33
1404276252	Brown vs Board of Education	1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessey v. Ferguson (1896)	34
1404276253	Little Rock Crisis	1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.	35
1404276254	NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries	36
1404276255	Relations with China 1970's	cooperated with Russia in economy and arms race but still had disagreement about foreign affairs; increased trading rights with China.	37
1404276256	U2 Spy Plane	built in the 1950s to help watch the soviet union as a surveillance plane only; shot down and causes controversy because Khruschev thinks it cowardly of Eisenhower.	38
1404276257	Bay of Pigs	In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.	39
1404276258	Peace Corps	(JFK) volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America	40
1404276259	CREEP	Richard Nixon's committee for re-electing the president. Found to have been engaged in a "dirty tricks" campaign against the democrats in 1972. They raised tens of millions of dollars in campaign funds using unethical means. They were involved in the infamous Watergate cover-up.	41
1404276260	Spiro Agnew	Nixon's vice-president resigned and pleaded "no contest" to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him when he was governor of Maryland. He was replaced by Gerald R. Ford.	42
1404276261	Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.	An African-American Civil Right's Activist who was peaceful. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his cause. He was assassinated in 1968 in Tennessee	43
1404276262	OPEC	An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It's long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.	44
1404276263	SALT Treaties	Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, suspended the building of nuclear weapons and put all sorts of limits on nuclear warfare, but both nations had a ridiculous amount of weapons.	45
1404276264	Camp David Accords	(1978) were negotiated at the presidential retreat of Camp David by Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel Meacham Begin; they were brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. They led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. This isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat's assassination in 1981.	46
1404276265	Iranian Hostage Crisis	In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weakened the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.	47
1404276266	Panama Canal Treaty	1978 - Passed by President Carter, these called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama. They provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality.	48
1404276267	Truman Doctrine	1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey.	49
1404276268	General Ford	Nixon's vice president after Agnew resigned, he became the only president never to be elected. Taking office after Nixon resigned, he pardoned Nixon for all federal crimes that he "committed or may have committed."	50
1404276269	Alliance for Progress	(JFK) 1961 - a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military	51
1404276270	Black Panther Party	A group formed in 1966, inspired by the idea of Black Power, that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often thought of as radical or violent.	52
1404276271	SCLC	Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr. It was a major success.	53
1404276272	SNCC	(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee) A group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement	54
1404276273	CORE	First civil rights organization to use non-violent tactics to promote racial equality and desegregation	55
1404276274	NAACP	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People - A group that attempted to defend all colored people. They helped to defend the Sweets.	56
1404276275	Medicare	A program added to the Social Security system in 1965 that provides hospitalization insurance for the elderly and permits older Americans to purchase inexpensive coverage for doctor fees and other health expenses.	57
1404276276	Medicaid	A public assistance program designed to provide health care for poor Americans. Medicaid is funded by both the states and the national government.	58
1404276277	War on Poverty	1965 - Johnson figured that since the Gross National Profit had risen, the country had lots of extra money "just lying around," so he'd use it to fight poverty. It started many small programs, Medicare, Head Start, and reorganized immigration to eliminate national origin quotas. It was put on hold during the Vietnam War.	59
1404276278	Gulf of Tonkin Resolution	1964 Congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit US troops to south Vietnam and fight a war against north Vietnam.	60
1404276279	Sputnik	First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.	61
1404276280	Beat Authorities	A small but influential group of writers and poets challenged both the literary conventions of the day and the lifestyle of the middle class.	62
1404276281	Great Society	President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.	63
1404276282	New Frontier	Kennedy's plan, supports civil rights, pushes for a space program, wans to cut taxes, and increase spending for defense and military.	64
1404276283	Vietnamization	A war policy in Vietnam initiated by Nixon in June of 1969. This strategy called for dramatic reduction of U.S. troops followed by an increased injection of S. Vietnamese troops in their place. A considerable success, this plan allowed for a drop in troops to 24,000 by 1972. . This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine". As applied to Vietnam, it was labeled "Vietnamization".	65
1404276284	Escalation	A policy of increasing military involvement in Vietnam	66
1404276285	Paris Peace Accords 1973	Were the peace agreements between Vietnam and the US. It called for the removal for all US troops and the return of all US POW's. It also established a demilitarized buffer zone in the South to separate N and S Vietnamese troops. Under this agreement, Communists in SV could take part in politics.	67
1404276286	War Powers Act 1973	Gave any president the power to go to war under certain circumstances, but required that he could only do so for 90 days before being required to officially bring the matter before Congress.	68
1404276287	Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 1979	Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan to help the Afghan communist government crush anticommunist Muslim guerrillas; anti communist guerrillas received support from US and GB; USSR withdrew→ communist party remained in power.	69
1404276288	G. Gordon Liddy	Chief operative for the White House Plumbers unit that existed during several years of Nixon's Presidency. Masterminded the first break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate building in 1972. Served 4.5 years in prison.	70
1404276289	John Mitchell	Nixon's first attorney general and his close friend and adviser; many people believe he ordered the Watergate break-in. He participated in the cover-up and served nineteen months in prison for his role.	71
1404276290	Henry Kissinger	Awarded 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for helping to end Vietnam War and withdrawing American forces. Heavily involved in South American politics as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State. Condoned covert tactics to prevent communism and fascism from spreading throughout South America.	72
1404276291	William Rehnquist	United States jurist who served as an associate justice on the United States Supreme Court from 1972 until 1986, when he was appointed chief justice (born in 1924).	73
1404276292	Warren Burger	The Supreme Court justice during the Nixon administration. He was chosen by Nixon because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution. He presided over the extremely controversial case of abortion in Roe vs. Wade.	74
1404276293	Modern Republican	Eisenhower's government plan: "conservative when it comes to economics, more Liberal when it comes to social programs "	75
1404276294	Eisenhower Interstate Highway System	pushed forward by the passage of the Federal Highway Act of 1956, built with both economic and military purposes in mind. This act in 1956 brought about a $27 billion plan to build 42,000 miles of new highways. Major public works initiative. Benefited the trucking, travel, and automobile industries while harming the railroad business. Major factor in growth of suburbs.	76
1404276295	Levittown	In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in suburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII.	77
1404276296	Montgomery Bus Boycott	In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.	78
1404276297	Dixiecrats	Conservative southern Democrats who objected to President Truman's strong push for civil-rights legislation. Southern Democrats who broke from the party in 1948 over the issue of civil rights and ran a presidential ticket as the States' Rights Democrats with J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina as a candidate.	79
1404276298	Strom Thurmond	Democratic governor of South Carolina who headed the State's Rights Party (Dixiecrats); he ran for president in 1948 against Truman and his mild civil rights proposals and eventually joined the Republican Party.	80
1404276299	Thurgood Marshall	American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.	81