American Pageant History 15th Edition-Exam 2 Flashcards

Chapters 5-8

1541718400	Paxton Boys	Armed march on Philadelphia by Scots-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Native Americans.	1
1541718401	Regulator Movement	Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite.	2
1541718402	Triangular Trade	Exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between the North American Colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. A small but immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade.	3
1541718403	Molasses Act	1737. Tax on imported molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies. It provide largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling.	4
1541718404	Arminianism	Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election.	5
1541718405	Great Awakening	1730s and 1740s. Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality. A Second ?? arose in the nineteenth century.	6
1541718406	Old Lights	Orthodox clergyman who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality.	7
1541718407	New Lights	Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening.	8
1541718408	Poor Richard's Almanack	1732-1758. Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense.	9
1541718409	Zenger Trial	1734-1735. New York libel case against a newspaper publisher. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel.	10
1541718410	Royal Colonies	Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the King. Though often competent administrators, the governors frequently ran into trouble with colonial legislatures, which resented the imposition of control from across the Atlantic.	11
1541718411	Proprietary Colonies	Colonies--Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware--under the control of local proprietors, who appointed colonial governors.	12
1541718412	Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crevecoeur	1735-1813. French settler whose essays depicted life in the North American colonies and described what he saw as a new American identity--an amalgam of multiple ethnicities and cultures	13
1541718413	Jacob Arminius	1560-1609. Dutch theologian who rejected predestination, preaching that salvation could be attained through the acceptance of God's grace and was open to all, not just the elect.	14
1541718414	Jonathan Edwards	1703-1758. New England minister whose fiery sermons helped touch off the First Great Awakening. This person emphasized human helplessness and depravity and touted that salvation could be attained through God's grace alone.	15
1541718415	George Whitefield	1714-1770. Iterant English preacher whose rousing sermons throughout the American colonies drew vast audience and sparked a wave of religious conversion, the First Great Awakening. His emotionalism distinguished him from traditional, "Old Light," ministers who embraced a more reasoned, stoic approach to religious practice.	16
1541718416	John Trumbull	1756-1843. Connecticut-born painter who, like many of his contemporaries, traveled to England to pursue his artistic ambitions. He was best known for his depictions of key events in the American Revolution, including the signing of the Declaration of Independence.	17
1541718417	John Singleton Copley	1738-1815. Massachusetts-born artist best known for his portraits of prominent colonial Americans, including Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. A loyalist during the Revolutionary war, this man spent the rest of his life in London, painting portraits of British aristocrats and depicting scenes form English history.	18
1541718418	Phillis Wheatley	c.1753-1784. African-American poet who overcame the barriers of slavery to publish two collections of her poems. As a young girl, she lived in Boston, and was later taken to England where she found a publisher willing to distribute her work.	19
1541718419	John Peter Zenger	1697-1746. New York printer tried for seditious libel against the state's corrupt royal governor. His acquittal set an important precedent for freedom of the press.	20
1541718420	Huguenots	French Protestant dissenters, that were granted limited toleration under the Edict of Nantes. after King Louis XIV outlawed Protestantism in 1685, many of them fled elsewhere, including to British North America.	21
1541718421	Edict of Nantes	1598. Decree issued by the French crown graining limited toleration to French Protestants. Ended religious wars in France and inaugurated a period of French preeminence in Europe and across the Atlantic. Its repeal in 1685 prompted a fresh migration of Protestant Huguenots to North America.	22
1541718422	Coureurs de bois	Translated as "runners of the woods." they were French fur-trappers, also known as "voyageurs" (travelers), who established trading posts throughout North America. The fur trade wreaked havoc on the health and folkways of their Native American trading partners.	23
1541718423	Voyageurs	Translated as "runners of the woods." they were French fur-trappers, also know as (travelers), who established trading posts throughout North America. The fur trade wreaked havoc on the health and folkways of their Native American trading partners.	24
1541718424	King William's War	1689-1697. War fought largely between French trappers, British settlers, and their respective Indian allies from 1698-1697. The colonial theater of the larger War of League of Augsburg in Europe.	25
1541718425	Queen Anne's War	1702-1713. Second in a series of conflicts between the European powers for control of North America, fought between the English and French colonists in the North, and the English and Spanish in Florida. Under the peace treaty, the French ceded Acadia (Nova Scotia), Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay to Britain.	26
1541718426	War of Jenkins Ear	Began 1739. Small-scale clash between Britain and Spain in the Caribbean and in the buffer colony, Georgia. It merged with the much larger War of Austrian Succession in 1742	27
1541718427	King George's War	1744-1748. North American theater of Europe's War of Austrian Succession that once again pitted British colonists against their French counterparts in the North. The peace settlement did not involve any territorial realignment, leading to conflict between New England settlers and the British government.	28
1541718428	Acadians	French residents of Nova Scotia, many of whom were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana, where their descendants became know as "Cajuns."	29
1541718429	French & Indian War (7 Years War)	1754-1763. Nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe.	30
1541718430	Albany Congress	1754. Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French.	31
1541718431	Regulars	Trained professional soldiers, as distinct from militia or conscripts, During the French and Indian War, British generals, used to commanding experience regulars, often showed contempt for ill-trained colonial militiamen.	32
1541718432	Battle of Quebec	1759. Historic British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of the French rule in North America.	33
1541718433	Pontiac's Uprising	1763. Bloody campaign waged by the Ottawa Chief to drive the British out of Ohio Country. It was brutally crushed by British troops, who resorted to distributing blankets infected with smallpox as a means to put down the rebellion.	34
1541718434	Proclamation of 1763	Decree issued by Parliament in the wake of Pontiac's uprising, prohibiting settlement beyond the Appalachians, Contributed to rising resentment of British rule in the American colonies.	35
1541718435	Louis XIV	1638-1715. Long reigning French monarch who took a keen interest in colonization, sending French explorers through out North America, establishing outposts in present day Canada and Louisiana, and launching France to global preeminence. He oversaw the construction of the magnificent palace of Versailles, from where he ruled until his death.	36
1541718436	Samuel de Champlain	1567-1635. French soldier and explorer, dubbed the "Father of New France" for establishing the city of Quebec and fighting alongside the Huron Indians to repel the Iroquois.	37
1541718437	Edward Braddock	1695-1755. Hardheaded and imperious British general, whose detachment of British and colonial soldiers was routed by French and Indian forces at Fort Duquesne.	38
1541718438	William Pitt	1708-1778. British parliamentarian who rose to prominence during the French and Indian War as the brilliant tactician behind Britain's victory over France.	39
1541718439	James Wolfe	1727-1759. Young British commander who skillfully outmaneuvered French forces in the Battle of Quebec during the French and Indian War.	40
1541718440	Pontiac	c. 1720-1769. Ottawa chief who led an uprising against the British in the wake of the French and Indian War. Initially routing British forces at Detroit, he and his men succumbed after British troops distributed smallpox infected blankets among the Indians.	41
1541718441	Republicanism	Political theory of representative government, based on the principle of popular sovereignty, with a strong emphasis on liberty and civic virtue. Influential in eighteenth-century American political thought, it stood as an alternative to monarchial rule.	42
1541718442	Radical Whigs	Eighteenth-century British political commentators who agitated against political corruption and emphasized the threat to liberty posed by arbitrary power. Their writings shaped American political thought and made colonists especially alert to encroachments on their rights.	43
1541718443	Mercantilism	Economic theory that closely linked a nation's political theory and military power to its bullion reserves. They generally favored protectionism and colonial acquisition as means to increase imports.	44
1541718444	Sugar Act	1764. Duty on imported sugar from the West Indies. It was the first tax levied on the colonists by the crown and was lowered substantially in response to widespread protests.	45
1541718445	Quartering Act	1765. Required colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops. Many colonists resented the act, which they perceived as an encroachment on their rights.	46
1541718446	Stamp Tax	1765. Widely unpopular tax on an array of paper goods, repealed in 1766 after mass protests erupted across the colonies. Colonists developed the principle of "no taxation without representation" which questioned Parliament's authority over the colonies and laid the foundation for future revolutionary claims.	47
1541718447	Admiralty Courts	Used to try offenders for violating the various Navigation acts passed by the crown after the French and Indian War. Colonists argued that the courts encroached on their rights as Englishmen since they lacked juries and placed the burden of proof on the accused.	48
1541718448	Stamp Act Congress	1765. Assembly of delegates from nine colonies who met in New York City to draft a petition for the repeal of the Stamp Act. Helped ease sectional suspicions and promote intercolonial unity.	49
1541718449	Nonimportation Agreements	Boycotts against British goods adopted in response to the Stamp Act and, later, the Townshend and Intolerable Acts. The agreements were the most effective form of protest against British policies in the colonies.	50
1541718450	Sons of Liberty	Male patriotic groups that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing non-importation agreements.	51
1541718451	Daughters of Liberty	Female patriotic groups that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing non-importation agreements.	52
1541718452	Declaratory Act	1766. Passed alongside the repeal of the Stamp Act, it reaffirmed Parliament's unqualified sovereignty over the North American colonies.	53
1541718453	Townshend Act	1767. External, or indirect, levies on glass, white lead, paper, paint and tea, the proceeds of which were used to pay colonial governors, who had previously been paid directly by colonial assemblies. Sparked another round of protests in the colonies.	54
1541718454	Boston Massacre	1770. Clash between unruly Bostonian protestors and locally stationed British redcoats, who fired on the jeering crowd, killing or wounding eleven citizens.	55
1541718455	Committees of Correspondence	Local committees established across Massachusetts, and later in each of the thirteen colonies, to maintain colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters and pamphlets.	56
1541718456	Boston Tea Party	1773. Rowdy protest against the British East India Company's newly acquired monopoly in the tea trade. Colonists, disguised as Indians, dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston harbor, prompting harsh sanctions form the British Parliament.	57
1541718457	Intolerable Acts	1774. Series of punitive measures passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, and expanding the Quartering Act to allow for the lodging of soldiers in private homes. In response, colonists convened the First Continental Congress and called for a complete boycott of British goods.	58
1541718458	Quebec Act	1774. Allowed the French residents of Quebec to retain their traditional political and religious institutions, and extended the boundaries of the province southward to the Ohio River. Mistakenly perceived by the colonists to be part of the Parliament's response to the Boston Tea Party.	59
1541718459	First Continental Congress	1774. Convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies that convened in Philadelphia to craft a response to the Intolerable Acts. Delegates established Association, which called for a complete boycott of British goods.	60
1541718461	The Association	Non-importation agreement crafted during the First Continental Congress called for the complete boycott of British goods.	61
1541718463	Battles of Lexington & Concord	April 1775. First battles of the Revolutionary War, fought outside of Boston, The colonial militia successfully defended their stores of munitions, forcing the British to retreat to Boston.	62
1541718464	Valley Forge	1777-1778. Encampment where George Washington's poorly equipped army spent a wretched, freezing winter. Hundreds of men died and more than a thousand deserted. The plight of the starving, shivering soldiers reflected the main weakness of the American army--a lack of stable supplies and munitions.	63
1541718466	Camp followers	Women and children who followed the Continental Army during the American Revolution, providing vital services such as cooking and sewing in return for rations.	64
1541718467	John Hancock	1737-1793. Boston smuggler and prominent leader of the colonial resistance, who served as president of the Second Continental Congress. In 1780, he became the first governor of Massachusetts, a post he held with only brief intermission until his death.	65
1541718468	George Grenville	1712-1770. British prime minister who fueled tensions between Britain and her North American colonies through his strict enforcement of navigation laws and his support for the Sugar and Stamp Acts.	66
1541718469	Charles (Champagne Charley) Townshend	1725-1767. British prime minister whose ill-conceived duties on the colonies, the Townshend Acts, sparked fierce protests in the colonies and escalated the imperial conflict.	67
1541718471	Crispus Attucks	1723-1770. Runaway slave and leader of the Boston protests that resulted in the "Boston Massacre," in which he was first to die.	68
1541718472	George III	1738-1820. British monarch during the run-up to the American Revolution, he contributed to the imperial crisis with his dogged in insistence on asserting Britain's power over her colonial possessions.	69
1541718474	Lord North	1732-1792. Tory prime minister and pliant aide to George III from 1770 to 1782. His ineffective leadership and dogged insistence on colonial subordination contributed to the American Revolution.	70
1541718476	Samuel Adams	1722-1803. Boston revolutionary who organized Massachusetts' committees of correspondence to help sustain opposition to British policies. A delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses, he continued to play a key role throughout the revolutionary and early national periods, later serving as governor of his home state.	71
1541718478	Thomas Hutchinson	1711-1780. Royal governor of Massachusetts during the run-op to the Revolution, he misjudged colonial zeal during the Tea Act controversy and insisted the East India Company ships unload in Boston Harbor, thereby prompting the Boston Tea Party.	72
1541718480	Marquis de Lafayette	1757-1834. French nobleman who served as major general in the colonial army during the American Revolution and aided the newly-independent colonies in securing French support.	73
1541718481	Baron von Steuben	1730-1794. German-born inspector general of the Continental army, who helped train the novice colonial militia in the art of warfare.	74
1541718483	Lord Dunmore	c.1730-1809. Royal governor of Virginia who, in 1775, promised freedom to runaway slaves who joined the British army.	75
1541718485	Second Continental Congress	Representative body of delegates from all thirteen colonies. Drafted the Declaration of Independence and managed the colonial war effort.	76
1541718487	Battle of Bunker Hill	June 1775. Fought on the outskirts of Boston, on Breed's Hill, the battle ended in the colonial militia's retreat, through at a heavy cost to the British.	77
1541718489	Olive Branch Petition	July 1775. Conciliatory measure adopted by the Continental Congress, professing American loyalty and seeking an end to the hostilities. King George rejected the petition and proclaimed the colonies in rebellion.	78
1541718491	Hessians	German troops hired from their princes by George III to aid in putting down the colonial insurrection. This hardened the resolve of American colonies, who resented the use of paid foreign fighters.	79
1541718493	Common Sense	Thomas Paine's pamphlet urging the colonies to declare independence and establish a republican government. The widely read pamphlet helped convince colonists to support the Revolution.	80
1541718495	Declaration of Independence	July 4, 1776. Formal pronouncement of independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson and approved by Congress. This pronouncement allowed Americans to appeal for foreign aid and served as an inspiration for later revolutionary movements worldwide.	81
1541718497	Declaration of the Rights of Man	1789. Adopted during the French Revolution. Modeled after the American Declaration of Independence.	82
1541718499	Loyalists	American colonists who opposed the Revolution and maintained their loyalty to the King; sometimes referred to as "Tories."	83
1541718501	Patriots	Colonists who supported the American Revolution; they were also known as "Whigs."	84
1541718503	Battle of Long Island	August 1776. Battle for control of New York. British troops overwhelmed the colonial militias and retained control of the city for most of the war.	85
1541718505	Battle of Trenton	December 1776. George Washington surprised and captured a garrison of sleeping German Hessians, raising the morale of his crestfallen army and setting the stage for his victory at Princeton a week later.	86
1541718506	Battle of Saratoga	October 1777. Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York, which helped secure French support for the Revolutionary cause.	87
1541718507	Model Treaty	Sample treaty drafted by the Continental Congress as a guide for American diplomats. Reflected the Americans' desire to foster commercial partnerships rather than political or military entanglements.	88
1541718508	Armed Neutrality	1780. Loose alliance of nonbelligerent naval powers, organized by Russia's Catherine the Great, to protect neutral trading rights during the war for American Independence.	89
1541718509	Treaty of Fort Stanwix	1784. Treaty signed by the United States and the pro-British Iroquois granting Ohio country to the Americans.	90
1541718510	Privateers	Privately owned armed ships authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping during the Revolutionary War. These ships, more numerous than the tiny American Navy, inflicted heavy damages on British shippers.	91
1541718511	Battle of Yorktown	October 1781. George Washington, with the aid of the French Army, besieged Cornwallis here, while the French naval fleet prevented British reinforcements from coming ashore. Cornwallis surrendered, dealing a heavy blow to the British war effort and paving the way for an eventual peace.	92
1541718512	Treaty of Paris	1783. Peace treaty signed by Britain and the United States ending the Revolutionary War. The British formally recognized American independence and ceded territory east of the Mississippi while the Americans, in turn, promised to restore Loyalist property and repay debts to British creators.	93
1541718513	Ethan Allen	1738-1789. Revolutionary war officer who, along with Benedict Arnold, fought British and Indian forces in frontier New York and Vermont.	94
1541718514	Benedict Arnold	1741-1801. Revolutionary war general turned traitor, who valiantly held off a British invasion of upstate New York at Lake Champlain, but later switched sides, plotting to sell out the Continental stronghold at West Point to the redcoats, His scheme was discovered and the disgraced general fled to British lines.	95
1541718515	Richard Montgomery	1738-1775. Irish-born British army veteran, who served as a general in the Continental army during the Revolution. He joined Benedict Arnold in a failed attempt to seize Quebec in 1775.	96
1541718516	Thomas Paine	1737-1809. British-born pamphleteer and author of Common Sense, a fiery tract that laid out the case for American independence. Later an ardent supporter of the French Revolution, he became increasingly radical in his views, publishing the anti-clerical The Age of Reason in 1794, which cost him the support of his American allies.	97
1541718517	Abigail Adams	1744-1818. The wife of President John Adams. She had her own opinions about the course of the American Revolution, and urged her husband to take the needs and rights of women into consideration in the construction of the new government.	98
1541718518	Richard Henry Lee	1733-1794. Virginia planter and revolutionary, who served as a member of the Continental Congress. He first introduced the motion asserting American's independence from Britain, later supplanted by Thomas Jefferson's more formal and rhetorically-moving declaration. He went on to become the Frist U.S. Senator from Virginia under the new constitution.	99
1541718519	Lord Charles Cornwallis	1738-1805. British general during the Revolutionary War who, having failed to crush Greene's forces in South Carolina, retreated to Virginia, where his defeat at Yorktown marked the beginning of the end for Britain's efforts to suppress the colonial rebellion.	100
1541718520	William Howe	1729-1814. British general who, despite victories on the battle field, failed to deal a crushing blow to Washington's Continental army. By attacking Philadelphia instead of reinforcing General Burgoyne at Saratoga, he also inadvertently contributed to that crucial American victory.	101
1541718521	John Burgoyne	1722-1792. British general who led an ill-fated invasion of upstate New York, suffering a crushing defeat by George Washington at Saratoga.	102
1541718522	Ben Franklin	1706-1790. American printer, inventor, statesman, and revolutionary. He first established himself in Philadelphia as a leading newspaper printer, inventor, and author of Poor Richard's almanac. He later became a leading revolutionary and signatory of the Declaration of Independence. During the Revolutionary War, he served as commissioner to France, securing the nation's support for the American cause.	103
1541718523	Comte de Rochambeau	1725-1807. General in command of French forces during the American Revolution, he fought alongside George Washington at Yorktown.	104
1541718524	Nathanael Greene	1742-1786. General in command of the Continental army in the Carolina campaign of 1781, the "Fighting Quaker" successfully cleared most of Georgia and South Carolina of British troops despite loosing a string in minor battles.	105
1541718525	Joseph Brant	1743-1807. Mohawk chief and Anglican convert, who sided with the British during the Revolutionary war, believing that only a British victory could halt American westward expansion.	106
1541718526	George Rogers Clark	1752-1818. American frontiersman who captured a series of British forts along the Ohio River during the Revolutionary War.	107
1541718527	Admiral de Grasse	1722-1788. French admiral whose fleet blocked British reinforcements, allowing Washington and Rochambeau to trap Cornwallis at Yorktown.	108
1541718528	Thomas Paine	Who wrote Age of Reason?	109