Human Biology: The Nervous System Flashcards

Review of Chapter 28 of "Campbell Biology: Concepts and Connections" for Dr. Wojita's Human Biology class at OSU Marion

852976379	The 2 parts of the Nervous System	CNS - the Central Nervous System, which is the brain and spinal cord PNS - The Peripheral Nervous System, which is made up of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves	1
852976380	The three types of neurons	Sensory Neurons Interneurons Motor Neurons	2
852976381	Functions of sensory neurons	Sensory neurons takes information from peripheral receptors and relay it to the CNS. A very long axon, often covered with a lipid called myelin carries nerve signals from the dendrites associated with a receptor to the CNS.	3
852976382	Functions of Interneurons	Interneurons receive sensory input from sensory neurons and also information from other neurons. They are all inside the CNS.	4
852976383	Functions of Motor neurons	Motor neurons carry nervous impulses to effector muscles, glands and organs, which carry out the responses, both external and internal.	5
852976384	The parts of a neuron	Cell body Dendrites Axon Axon terminal	6
852976385	Functions of a cell body of a neuron	It has the nucleus and other organelles	7
852976386	Functions of dendrites	It picks up information from receptors of other neurons	8
852976387	Functions of axons	It is a bunch of nerve fibers that make up a nerve It transmits signals to other neurons or effector cells	9
852976389	Functions of axon terminals	Creates the synapse between neurons and effectors	10
852976390	Function of myelin on an axon	It insulates the axon	11
852976391	The cell that deposits the myelin in the CNS	A supportive neuroglial cell called an Oligiodendrocytes	12
852976392	A nervous synapse	A "connection" between two neurons. When the axon terminal of one meets the dendrites of another.	13
852976393	Gray matter	Regions within the central nercous system composed mainly of nerve cells bodies and dendrites. The outer 3-4 mm of the brain. The most highly evolved nervous tissue. Where nervous synapses occur. Allows us to think, speak, remember, and contract muscles.	14
852976394	Gray matter is made of this	Unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, dendrites and neuroglial cells	15
852976395	White matter is made of this	Myelinated axons within the CNS	16
852976396	What neuroglial cells do	They support and protect A certain one, Oligiodendrocytes, deposit myelin They vastly outnumber neurons They have mitosis and the ability to divide	17
852976397	A Node of Ranvier	An unmyelinated region on a myelinated axon of a nerve cell, where nerve signals are regenerated. A gap between oligiodendrocytes.	18
852976398	How a resting neuron's cell membrane is similar to a charged battery	The cell membrane and the distribution of charge ions on either side of it create a resting membrane potential, similar to a battery. Like batteries, an energy source created by separating positively charge ions across a membrane from negatively charged ions, the potential energy in the cell membrane can be used to perform work. See Figure 28.3 in textbook	19
852976399	How a nerve signal or action potential is conducted	An action potential is another name for a nerve impulse. Here, the energy stored in the "battery" of the resting membrane potential of the cell membrane and put to work as a nerve signal is conducted. This begins when there is a sufficient stimulus that activates the neuron at the axon hillock where the axon meets the cell body of the neuron. The action potential is then spread one way down the axon to the axon terminal, which causes release by exocytosis of neurotransmitters. See figure 28.4	20
852976400	What salutatory conduction is	Allows action potentials to leap from Node of Ranvier to Node of Ranvier	21
852976401	What happens at the axon terminal when an action potential reaches there	The neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vessicles in the axon terminal. When the action potential reaches the axon terminal, ion channels for calcium open and calcium ions, Ca++, enter and trigger the release of the neurotransmitter. The released neurotransmitter diffuse across the tiny synaptic cleft to the next membrane of a dendrite, cell body or effector.	22
852976402	Synaptic integration	It is neurons adding up all the excitatory signals and compare them to all the inhibitory signals it receives. See figure 28.6 and 28.7	23
852976403	What happens during an action potential	Membrane voltage changes and a nerve signal is transmitted along an axon.	24
852976404	What nerves are	They are bundles of myelinated axons from sensory and motor neurons.	25
852976405	What the cerebral cortex is, where it is located and is it made of gray matter	It is on the surface of the cerebrum and it is made of gray matter	26
852976406	Where synapses between neurons occur	They occur in gray matter	27
852976407	Where do action potentials start in the CNS	They start in the axon hillock in gray matter	28
852976408	What the resting membrane potential usually is	-70 mV	29
852976409	What happens when the action potential reaches the axon terminal of a neuron	Voltage gated channels for Ca++ open, Ca++ enters the ICF and causes release of neurotransmitters by exocytosis	30
852976410	What cerebrospinal fluid is	Blood-derived fluid that surrounds, nourishes, and cushions the brain and spinal cord.	31
852976411	Where cerebrospinal fluid is formed	From neuroglial cells filtering capillaries in the roof of the brain ventricles	32
852976412	Where cerebrospinal fluid circulates	In the space between the pia mater and arachnoid meninges lining the CNS	33
852976413	Where cerebrospinal fluid drains when it needs replenished	The venous circulation	34
852976414	What is found in the dorsal root	Ganglion or cell bodies of sensory neurons	35
852976415	What is found in the ventral root	Axons of motor neurons of 31 pairs of spinal nerves	36
852976416	The three parts of the brainstem	The midbrain The medulla oblongata The pons	37
852976417	The functions of the medulla oblongata	Pacemaker for breathing-DRG, cell bodies of 4 pairs of cranial nerves, including those from the vagus nerve which controls the parasympathethic nervous system, cardiovascular centers for heart rate and blood pressure	38
852976418	What happens in the decussation in the medulla oblongata	Motor neuron fibers cross over to the other side of the body here	39
852976419	Function of the pons	Located of respiratory centers that makes sure one is breathing deep enough for the pace of breathing set in the medulla oblongata, four pairs of cranial nerves have their cell bodies there, bridge between the upper brain and the rest of the nervous system	40
852976420	What neurotransmitter is produced by the substantia nigra of the midbrain	Dopamine, important for the inhibitory part of muscle tone - a lesion here could cause Parkinsons's disease	41
852976421	Function of the cerebellum	It coordinates skeletal muscles so you do not fall or stumble	42
852976422	Location of the cerebellum	Below (or "inferior") to the posterior part of the cerebrum (the occipital lobe) and behind (or "posterior") to the brainstem.	43
852976423	Function and location of both Broca's area in the cerebrum	Word formation	44
852976424	Function of Wernickes area	Word planning on what to say	45
852976425	Major function of thalamus	Relay center for most sensory impulses to the correct location in the cerebral cortex	46
852976426	Function of the hypothalamus	Controls autonomic nervous system, centers for sleep, body temperature, salt/water balance in blood, sex, eating, links endocrine system to the nervous system, controls the anterior and posterior pituitary glands, sleep, satiety centers	47
852976427	Where short term memory is stored	Pre frontal area behind forehead	48
852976428	Where long term memory is stored	Long term memory is stored in bits of information through out the sensory association areas of the cortex of the cerebrum. The hippocamus acts as a bridge between the sensory association areas, where memories are stored, and the prefrontal area, where memories are used. See figure 13.9	49
852976429	How many motor neurons in voluntary motor pathways of the somatic nervous system to skeletal muscles	2	50
852976430	How many motor neurons in the autonomic nervous system outside the CNS	2	51
852976431	How many pairs of cranial nerves there are	12	52