Chapter 6 - World Civilizations: The Global Experience Flashcards

985690098	Bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam	1
985690099	Shayks	Leaders of tribes and clans within the bedouin; usually men with large hers, several wives and many children	2
985690100	Mecca	City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad caln of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam	3
985690135	Umayyad	Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca	4
985690101	Quraysh	Tribe of Bedouins that controlled Mecca in the 7th century CE	5
985690102	Ka'aba	Mot revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among Bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam	6
985690103	Medina	Also known as Yathrib; became refuge for Muhammad's flight from Mecca (hijra)	7
985690104	Muhammad	570-632, prophet of Islam; born to Banu Hasim clan of Quraysh in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 CE; died in 632	8
985690105	Abu Talib	Paternal Uncle of Muhammad; served as Muhammad's protector and supporter throughout much of his early life	9
985690106	Khadijah	Muhammad's first wife; worked for her as a trader	10
985690107	Qur'an	Revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam	11
985690108	Ali	Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; orthodox caliph that was focus for Shi'a	12
985690109	Umma	Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity	13
985690110	Zakat	Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims	14
985690111	5 Pillars	The required religious duties of all Muslims- confession of faith, prayer; fasting during Ramadan; zakat, and hajj	15
985690112	Ramadan	Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset	16
985690113	Hajj	A Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca to worship Allah at the Ka'aba	17
985690114	Caliph	The political and religious successor to Muhammad	18
985690115	Abu Bakr	One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as the first Caliph of Islamic community	19
985690116	Ridda Wars	Wars that followed Muhammad's death; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some larger clans; restored unity of Islam	20
988004807	Jihad	Struggle; often used for wars in defense of the faith	21
988004808	Copts	Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule	22
985690118	Nestorians	A Christian sect found in Asia' tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions	23
985690119	Uthman	3rd Caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan	24
985690120	Battle of Siffin	Fought between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party	25
985690121	Mu'awiya	Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali	26
985690122	Sunnis	Political and theological division with Islam; supported the Umayyads	27
985690123	Karbala	Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate	28
985690124	Damascus	Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate	29
985690125	Mawali	Non-Arab converts to Islam	30
985690127	Jizya	Head tax paid by all non-believers in Islamic territories	31
985690126	Dhimmi	Applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus	32
985690128	Hadiths	Traditions of the prophet	33
985690129	Abbasaid	Dynasty that succeeded that Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 CE	34
985690130	Battle of the River Zab	Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital	35
985690131	Baghdad	Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon	36
985690132	Wazir	Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire	37
985690133	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels with triangular of lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design	38
985690134	Ayan	The wealthy landed elite that emerged in early decades of Abbasid rule	39