Bio-121 Chapter 4- A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

500053678	Cell Theory	all living things are made of cells; all cells arise from pre-existing cells; single celled or multicellular	1
500053679	Light Microscope	microscopy; can observe live or fixed (dead) samples, see actual colors of cells, lower power used	2
500053680	Scanning Electron Microscope	microscopy; can ONLY see surface of cell, higher power used, more detail, have to use fixed (dead) samples	3
500053681	Transmission Electron Microscope	microscopy; can see cross section of cell, higher power used, have to use fixed (dead) samples	4
500053682	Fluorescent Microscope	microscopy; the idea of staining specific structures to see them more clearly in a sample	5
500053683	Plant Cell	cell is usually square in shape, has cell walls, and chloroplasts	6
500053684	All Cells	What kind of cells have: plasma membranes, DNA, and cytoplasm	7
500053685	Prokaryotic Cell	Cell; includes bacteria and archaea: no nucleus or other membrane bound organelles, small (less than 5um), usually have a cell wall, and have a capsule or slime layer pili	8
500053686	Slime Layer Pili (Capsule)	have protein projections, come out of capsule, helps to adhere to things	9
500053687	Eukaryotic Cell	Cell; includes plants, animals, fungus, and single celled organisms (protists); have a nucleus and organelles, more than 10um in size, some have cell wall	10
500053688	Prokaryotic Cell	Cell; single, circular chromosome (DNA)- coiled in an area called nucleoid; plasmids, ribosomes, less complex	11
500053689	Plasmid	small rings of DNA (antibiotic resistance)	12
500053690	Nucleoid	coiled DNA	13
500053691	Eukaryotic Cell	DNA arranged in chromosomes in nucleus, many organelles, more complex	14
500053692	Plasma Membrane	Structure; BOTH PLANT AND ANIMAL, Fluid Mosaic model; made of phospholipids, proteins, chlolesterol, unsaturated fats, hydophobic tails and hydrophillic heads	15
500053693	Fluid Mosaic Model	1972: theorized by Singer and Nicholson; membrane is phospholipid bi-layer studded with proteins	16
500053694	Phospholipid	Fluid Mosaic Model; barrier	17
500053695	Protein	Fluid Mosaic Model; acts as channels, ID tags	18
500053696	Cholesterol	Fluid Mosaic Model; mainly in animal cells, membrane more flexible	19
500053697	Nucleus	Structure; contains DNA, has double membrane with pores	20
500053698	Nucleolus	Structure; darkest staining region in nucleus, 1-3 in one nucleus, where ribosomes are made	21
500053699	Ribosome	Structure; where proteins are made, site of protein synthesis, made of protein and RNA; 2 locations: free in cytoplasm, or bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum	22
500053700	Endoplasmic Reticulum	Structure; membranous canals; 2 parts: smooth and rough	23
500053701	Membranous Canal	movement through 'tubes' made of membranes	24
500053702	Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	Structure; has ribosomes attached to it, purpose is to transport proteins	25
500053703	Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	Structure; has enzymes to synthesize liquids (including phospholipids) then new membranes formed, used for detoxification	26
500053704	Vesicle	Structure; little sac of membrane that travels throughout the cell, flows from one organelle to another	27
500053705	Endomembrane System	membranes within the cell; has a transport system from one organelle to another, "interconnectedness" of nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles and plasma membrane	28
500053706	Golgi Body	Structure; shape is stacked tighter together than smooth ER, vesicles enter here by bumping up against it and fusing, "shipping department"	29
500053707	Lysosome	Structure; vesicle filled with about 30 digestive enzymes	30
500053708	Vacuole	Structure; fluid filled sacs, specialzed ones: contractile and central	31
500053709	Contractile Vacuole	Structure; in a small single celled organism in freshwater, this collects the excess water and then squeezes it out of the cell	32
500053710	Central Vacuole	Structure; in PLANT CELL, has a HUGE central one, controls water balance, stores waste and pigments	33
500053711	Turgor Pressure	added pressure within a plant cell that results from the movement of water into the central vacuole	34
500053712	Perixosome	Structure; detox of alcohol and other toxins, breakdown of fatty acids, NOT part of the endomembrane system	35
500053713	Mitochondrion	Structure; site of cellular respiration, break down molecules to make ATP, can tell from its shape because of inner divisions within the organelles, found in eukaryotic cells	36
500053714	Cristae	Mitochondrion; inner foldings of mitochondria	37
500053715	Matrix	Mitochondrion; space between the cristae	38
500053716	Innermembrane Space	Mitochondrion; space between inner membrane and mitochodria	39
500053717	Cell Respiration Formula	C6H1206 + 6O2 -> 6H20 + 6CO2 + 36ATP(energy)	40
500053718	Photosynthesis Formula	SUN(energy) + 6CO2 + 6H20 -> 6O2 + C6H12O6	41
500053719	Glucose	C6H12O6	42
500053720	Chloroplast	Structure; found only in plants, site of Photosynthesis	43
500053721	Grana	Chloroplast; whole stack of thylakoids	44
500053722	Thylakoid	Chloroplast; found in stacks, chlorophyll embedded	45
500053723	Chlorophyll	Chloroplast; green pigment in thylakoid	46
500053724	Stroma	Chloroplast; the dense fluid that fills the empty space in the chloroplast	47
500053725	Ribosome	Chloroplast; little dots found inside it	48
500053726	DNA	Chloroplast; big dots found inside it	49
500053727	Endosymbiont Theory	theory of how organelles came to be, 1 prokaryotic cell engulfed a smaller prokaryotic cell yet the small one was still able to function inside; evolution to eukaryotic cells	50
500053728	Cyto-	prefix for a word meaning something to do with a CELL	51
500053729	Endosymbiont Theory	DNA of mitochondria is similar to DNA of prokaryotic cell, both have DNA, both have multiple membrane layers: all evidence of what?	52
500053730	Cytoskeleton	Structure; cells' skeleton: provides shape, support and structure; has microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules	53
500053731	Microfilaments	Cytoskeleton; small rod of protein	54
500053732	Intermediate Filament	Cytoskeleton; size between the microfilament and microtubule	55
500053733	Microtubules	Cytoskeleton; tubes made of protein, very small	56
500053734	Tubulin	Cytoskeleton; protein that makes up tubules	57
500053735	Cilia and Flagella	Structure; extensions from plasma membrane, movement	58
500053736	Flagella	one, long, tail-like structure for movement; ex. sperm	59
500053737	Cilia	many, short, hair-like structures for movement; ex. ear hairs	60
500053738	9 + 2 Configuration	Cilia and Flagella; configuration of microtubules, 9 fused and 2 non-fused	61
500053739	9 + 0 Configuration	Cilia and Flagella; configuration of microtubules, 9 triplets	62
500053740	Basal Body	Cilia and Flagella; base/anchor to cilia and flagella	63
500053741	Centriole	Structure; looks and acts like the basal body of cilia and flagella except this occurs in pairs and can move freely throughout the cytoplasm, organize microtubules, primary function isto produce mitotic spindle, ONLY in ANIMAL CELLS	64
500053742	Extracellular Matrix	Structure; outside the cell matrix but still attached, made of carbohydrates and proteins, use carbohydrates for communication	65
500053743	Cell Junction	Structure; connections	66
500053744	Tight Junction	Junction; ANIMAL, leak-proof seal, connections of networks of proteins	67
500053745	Anchoring Junction	Junction; aka. Desmosomes, ANIMAL, like velcro, not quite leak-proof but tight	68
500053746	Gap Junction	Junction; ANIMAL, small channels, allows for communication from one cell to the next	69
500053747	Plasmodesmata	Junction; PLANT, like a gap junction because of channels for communication but it has longer, tougher channels to go through cell walls	70
500053748	Cell Wall	Structure; PLANT, made of cellulose, outside the plasma membrane, can be thicker than the diameter of the cell, PRODUCED OUTSIDE CELL AND OUTSIDE MEMBRANE	71
500053749	Plastid	Structure; PLANT, for storage, double membrane	72