Chapter 7 - World Civilizations: The Global Experience Flashcards

988406912	Lateen	Triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms or yards arms, which extended	1
988406913	Al-Mahdi	Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession	2
988406914	Harun al-Rashid	One of the greatest Islamic rulers of the Abbasid era	3
988406915	Buyids	Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid empire under title of Sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheadss	4
988406916	Seljuk Turks	Nomaid invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century	5
988406917	Crusades	Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy	6
988406918	Saladin	Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam	7
988406919	Ibn Khaldun	A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of 3 generations - strong, weak, dissolute	8
988406920	Shah Nama	Written by Firdawsi in the late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests	9
988406921	ulama	Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking	10
988406922	al-Ghazali	Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama	11
988406923	Mongols	Central Asia nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph	12
988406924	Chinggis Khan	Born in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died prior to conquest of most of Islamic world	13
988406925	Hulegu	Ruler of Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad	14
988406926	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance	15
988406927	Muhammad ibn Quasim	Arab general; conquered Sind in India, declared the region and Indus valley to be part of the Umayyad empire	16
988406928	Mahmud of Ghanzi	3rd ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking of one of wealthiest Hindu temple in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression	17
988406929	Muhammad of Ghur	Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northern India under his control	18
988406930	Qutb-ud-din Aibak	Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of India	19
988406931	Bhaktic cults	Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; strssed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the gods or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshiped gods were Shiva and Vishnu	20
988406932	Mira Bai	Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women	21
988406933	Kabi	Muslim mystic; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam	22
988406934	Shrivijaya	Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion	23
988406935	Malacca	Portuguese factory of fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands	24
988406936	Demak	Most powerful of the trading states on the north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as a point of dissemination to other ports	25