Meyer's Psychology for AP* Unit 6 - Learning Flashcards
Vocab flashcards for Meyer's Psychology for AP* Unit 6 on Learning
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| 584219056 | Learning | A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. | 1 | |
| 584219057 | Habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation | 2 | |
| 584219058 | Associative learning | Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be 2 stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) | 3 | |
| 584219059 | Conditioning | The process of learning associations | 4 | |
| 584219060 | Classical conditioning | A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events | 5 | |
| 584219061 | Behaviorism | The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2) | 6 | |
| 584219062 | Unconditioned response (UR) | In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salvation when food is in the mouth | 7 | |
| 584219063 | Unconditioned stimulus (US) | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally--naturally and automatically--triggers a response | 8 | |
| 584219064 | Conditioned response (CR) | In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) | 9 | |
| 584219065 | Conditioned stimulus (CS) | In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response | 10 | |
| 584219066 | Acquisition | In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the CR. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. | 11 | |
| 584219067 | Higher-order conditioning | A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (AKA second-order conditioning). | 12 | |
| 584219068 | Extinction | The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a CS; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. | 13 | |
| 584219069 | Spontaneous recovery | The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished condition response. | 14 | |
| 584219070 | Generalization | The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. | 15 | |
| 584219071 | Discrimination | In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus | 16 | |
| 584219072 | Learned helplessness | The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. | 17 | |
| 584219073 | Respondent behavior | Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus | 18 | |
| 584219074 | Operant conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher | 19 | |
| 584219075 | Law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely | 20 | |
| 584219076 | Operant chamber | In operant conditioning research, a chamber (AKA as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking | 21 | |
| 584219077 | Shaping | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations | 22 | |
| 584219078 | Discriminative stimulus | In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement) | 23 | |
| 584219079 | Reinforcer | In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows | 24 | |
| 584219080 | Positive reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by presenting a stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response | 25 | |
| 584219081 | Negative reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (NR IS NOT PUNISHMENT) | 26 | |
| 584219082 | Primary reinforcer | An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need | 27 | |
| 584219083 | Conditioned reinforcer | A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer | 28 | |
| 584219084 | Continuous reinforcement | Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs | 29 | |
| 584219085 | Partial (intermittent) reinforcement | Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement | 30 | |
| 584219086 | Fixed-ratio schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. | 31 | |
| 584219087 | Variable-ratio schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses | 32 | |
| 584219088 | Fixed-interval schedule | In OC: A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elabsed | 33 | |
| 584219089 | Variable-interval schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intrevals | 34 | |
| 584219090 | Punishment | An event that decreases the behavior that it follows | 35 | |
| 584219091 | Positive punishment | following an undesired response by adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of the behavior reoccurring | 36 | |
| 584219092 | Negative punishment | following an undesired response by removing a pleasant stimulus this is also called a time out and reduces the likelihood of the behavior reoccurring | 37 | |
| 584219093 | Cognitive map | A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. | 38 | |
| 584219094 | Latent learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it | 39 | |
| 584219095 | Insight | A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem | 40 | |
| 584219096 | Intrinsic motivation | A desire to preform a behavior effectively for its own sake | 41 | |
| 584219097 | Extrinsic motivation | A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment | 42 | |
| 584219098 | Instinctive drift | Repetition of an sequence by delaying food reinforcer for subject | 43 | |
| 584219099 | Biofeedback | A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle psychological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension | 44 | |
| 584219100 | Observational learning | Learning by observing others; also called/also known as "social learning" | 45 | |
| 584219101 | Modeling | The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior | 46 | |
| 584219102 | Mirror neurons | Frontal lobe neurons that fire when preforming certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empathy | 47 | |
| 584219103 | Theory of mind | Ability to infer another's mental state via mirror neurons and one's own empathy for them, etc. | 48 | |
| 584219104 | Prosocial behavior | Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior | 49 | |
| 584219105 | Antisocial behavior | Negative, non-constructive, unhelpful/unsympathetic behavior. The opposite of prosocial behavior. | 50 | |
| 584219106 | Violence-viewing effect | after you view so much violence you become de-sensitized to it and you begin to imitate it | 51 | |
| 584219107 | Imitation | Imitating acts as seen on TV, or by any other influences | 52 | |
| 584219108 | Desensitizing | making less susceptible or sensitive to either physical or emotional stimuli | 53 |