Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Flashcards

Biology 111 PPCC
General College Biology I
Chapter 4
Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Vocabulary: organic molecule, inorganic molecule, hydrocarbon, isomer, structural isomer, geometric isomers, enantiomers, functional groups, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
Distinguish between inorganic and organic substances and give examples of each.
Know the valence of carbon. Recognize the bonding patterns of O, H, and N to carbon to make biological organic molecules.
Describe the hydrocarbon as the basic structure of organic molecules.
Recognize different carbon skeletons that can be formed as the basis of organic molecules (Fig 4.5)
5. Explain how functional groups make hydrophobic hydrocarbons hydrophilic.
6. Be able to draw/recognize each of the functional groups listed below. (Fig. 4.9)
State a class of biological organic molecule on which each is commonly found.
hydroxyl group
carbonyl group
carboxyl group
amino group
sulfhydryl group
phosphate group
7. Define isomer and give an example of structural isomers, geometric
isomers and enantiomers (stereoisomers).

Terms : Hide Images [1]

1648658967	Organic Chemistry	study of carbon compounds (organic compounds).	0
1648658968	Hydrocarbons	an organic molecule made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.	1
1648658969	Isomers	organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure and therefore different properties.	2
1648658970	Structural Isomers	compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.	3
1648658971	Geometric Isomers	compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms.	4
1648658972	Enantiomers	molecules that are mirror images of each other	5
1648658973	Functional Groups	perform chemical reactions	6
1648658974	Hydroxyl Group	a functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond(—OH), which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton of a molecule. Molecules possessing this group are water soluble and called alcohols.	7
1648658975	Alcohols	organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups.	8
1648658976	Carbonyl Group	a functional group present in aldehydes and ketones consisting of an oxygen atom double bonded to a carbon atom.	9
1648658977	Aldehyde	an organic molecule with a carbonyl group at the end (terminal) of the carbon skeleton.	10
1648658978	Ketone	Name of carbonyl compound when it is within the C-skeleton	11
1648658979	Carboxyl Group	a functional group present in organic acids consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.(—COOH)	12
1648658980	Carboxylic acid	organic acids; compounds containing a carboxyl group.	13
1648658981	Amino Group	(—NH2) a functional group composed of nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton. Can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.	14
1648658982	Amines	organic compounds with one or more amino groups.	15
1648658983	Sulfhydryl Group	(—SH) a functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.	16
1648658984	Thiols	organic compounds containing sulfahydryl groups.	17
1648658985	Phosphate Group	a functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms and is important in energy transfer.	18
1648658986	Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)	primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell.	19
1648658987	Carbohydrates	sugars -- all sugars have CHO in a ratio of 1:2:1	20
1648658988	Monosaccharide	single sugar molecule	21
1648658989	Dissacharide	A molecule made of two monosaccharides.	22
1648658990	Polysaccharide	a complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides	23
1648658991	Storage Polysaccharide	stored glucose used overtime as energy by the organism (Alpha Glucose) Ex: Starch	24
1648658992	Structural Polysaccharide	provide structural support and form to cells (Beta Glucose) Ex: Cellulose (Plant Cell Wall) Chitin (exoskeleton of animal/bugs)	25
1648658993	Lipid	organic compound that is insoluble in water (hydrophobic/non polar)	26
1648658994	Saturated Fat	fat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms -- solid at room temperature	27
1648658995	Unsaturated Fat	a lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms. -- liquid at room temperature	28
1648658996	Building Block of: Polypeptide	amino acid	29
1648658997	Building Block of: Polysaccharide	monosaccharide	30
1648658998	Building Block of: Triglyceride (Fat)	glycerol + fatty acids	31
1648658999	Building Block of: Nucleic Acid (DNA/RNA)	nucleotides	32
1648659000	Nucleotides	Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases	33
1648659001	Nitrogeneous Bases	T C U = Pyramidines A G = Purines	34
1648659002	Dehydration Synthesis Condensation	remove water to create bonds	35
1648659003	Glycosidic Linkage	covalent bonds between bonds that hold monosaccharides together	36
1648659004	Hydrolysis	adding water to create bonds	37
1648659005	Peptide Bonds	covalent bonds between amino acids	38
1648659006	Steroids	Structure: 4 fused rings sex hormones	39
1648659007	Types of Lipids	fat steroids waxes phospholipids	40
1648659008	Types of Proteins: Structural Protein	fiber proteins Ex: keratin, collagen	41
1648659009	Types of Proteins: Regulatory Protein	controls something Ex: insulin	42
1648659010	Types of Proteins: Defense Proteins	antibodies	43
1648659011	Types of Proteins: Enzymes	...	44
1648659012	Types of Proteins: Transport Proteins	hemoglobin (red blood cells)	45
1648659013	Structure of Polypeptides: Primary Structure	chain of amino acids - produce peptide bonds between amino acids	46
1648659014	Structure of Polypeptides: Secondary Structure	form a Alpha-helix or a Beta-sheet by forming hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amine group of another amino acid	47
1648659015	Structure of Polypeptides: Tertiary Structure	makes one polypeptide interactions between the variable groups a) hydrogen bonds b) ionic bonds c) disulfide bridges d) hydrophobic reaction	48
1648659016	Structure of Polypeptides: Quaternary Structure	many polypeptides interacting together	49
1648659017	Alpha Glucose	OH on bottom	50
1648659018	Beta Glucose	OH on top	51
1648659019	Esther	bonds between lipids	52
1648659020	Bohr Planetary Model	Know what it looks like	53
1648659021	Isomer	Compounds with the same formula but in a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and properties	54
1648659022	Hydrocarbon	Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen Example: Sugar	55
1648659023	Enantiomers	Isomers that are mirror images of each other	56
1648659024	Stuctural Isomers	Different covalent arrangement of their atoms	57
1648659025	What are the 7 functional groups?	Hydroxyl Carbonyl (ketone, aldehyde) Carboxyl Amino Group Sulfhydryl Phosphate Methyl	58
1648659026	Explain the hydroxyl Group?	...	59
1648659027	Explain the Carbonyl Group?	...	60
1648659028	Explain the Carboxyl Group?	...	61
1648659029	Explain the Amino Group	...	62
1648659030	Explain the Sulfhydryl Group?	...	63
1648659031	Explain the Phosphate Group?	...	64
1648659032	Explain the Methyl Group?	...	65
1648659033	What is Adenosine Triphosphate	The primary energy transferring molecule in the cell	66